Karson Elmgren, Senior Researcher, Institute for AI Policy and Strategy (IAPS). Current frontier AI systems are massive in scale and increasingly autonomous, making traditional human monitoring inadequate to address the governance challenges posed by massive token generation and agentic autonomous actions. In response, a strategy of “using AI to govern AI” may be explored.

Maximilian Mayer, Professor of International Relations and Global Politics of Technology with University of Bonn. From the perspective of constitutionalism, AI governance is not merely a technical issue but a compound challenge spanning law, society, and technology.

Jörg Friedrichs, Associate Professor of Politics, University of Oxford. AI governance should be examined through the lens of infrastructure. From the steam engine to electricity and the internet, every disruptive technological revolution in history has undergone an evolution from invention through adoption and diffusion to infrastructure development and institutionalized regulation.

Maxime Stauffer, Co-founder Chief Executive Officer, Simon Institute for Longterm Governance. AI governance requires a clear distinction between governance of development and governance of deployment and use; the core contradiction is that technological iteration outpaces governance construction. Current AI capabilities and safety assurances remain mismatched.

Anika Altaf, Executive Director of INCLUDE. The design authority over AI and digital public infrastructure is highly concentrated among a small number of countries and corporations, yet these systems are widely deployed across the Global South. When a country uses externally developed AI systems, relies on external data for training, and cannot audit system decisions, this effectively constitutes a cession of sovereignty.

Celina Lee, CEO of Zindi. Zindi is currently the largest data science and AI developer platform in Africa and the Global South. Through an AI competition model, Zindi aggregates global developers to provide solutions for real-world problems; participants gain public professional profiles that lead to employment opportunities.

CAI Cuihong, Deputy Director of Center for Global AI Innovative Governance; Professor of the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University. The central challenge of global AI governance lies not in a lack of institutions, but in a structural mismatch between institutional expansion and governance capacity.

Fahmi Islami, Lead Consultant in Mandala Consulting. Indonesia is one of the world’s largest internet user markets. However, Indonesia still lags significantly behind major powers in infrastructure development such as data centers and in AI talent cultivation, remaining in a transitional stage from a pure user nation to an industrial participant.