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/T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 165.5495 298.3606 Tm [(.)-288(As)-343(the)-343(carrier)-343(concentration)-343(of)]TJ -11.474 -1.15 Td (the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.649 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-Si)-407(is)-407(much)-407(lower)-407(than)-407(that)-407(of)-407(the)-407(undoped)-407(ZnO,)-407(the)]TJ -2.169 -1.15 Td [(depletion)-266(space)-266(char)18(ge)-266(region)-266(mainly)-266(locates)-266(at)-266(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.788 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-Si)-266(side.)]TJ -21.308 -1.15 Td [(As)-374(the)-374(ZnO)-374(side)-374(is)-374(under)-374(the)-374(negative)-374(bias,)-374(the)-374(conduction)]TJ T* [(band)-314(barrier)-314(will)-314(be)-314(decreased)-314(and)-314(will)-314(enhance)-314(the)-314(electron)]TJ T* [(\337ow)-370(from)-370(the)-370(ZnO)-370(to)-370(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.017 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-Si.)-352(The)-370(subsequent)-370(recombina-)]TJ -11.537 -1.15 Td [(tion)-361(at)-361(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.603 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-Si)-361(depletion)-361(region)-361(would)-361(give)-361(rise)-361(to)-361(the)-361(for)20(-)]TJ -5.123 -1.15 Td [(ward)-289(bias)-289(current)-289(\337ow)65(.)-272(This)-289(implies)-289(that)-289(the)-289(diode)-289(resistance)]TJ T* [(would)-333(\336rstly)-333(decrease)-333(upon)-333(the)-333(increase)-333(of)-333(the)-333(forward)-333(bias)]TJ T* (voltage)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 3.216 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(i.e.,)-272(the)-272(lowering)-272(of)-272(the)-272(barrier)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 12.328 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(.)-217(As)-272(the)-272(forward)-272(bias)]TJ 10.191 32.734 Td [(is)-370(lar)18(ge)-370(enough,)-370(the)-370(barrier)-370(would)-370(essentially)-370(be)-370(negligible,)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD (the)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.594 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.003 0 Td [(behavior)-372(thus)-372(becomes)-372(Ohmic,)-372(and)-372(the)-372(diode)-372(resis-)]TJ -3.303 -1.15 Td [(tance)-288(becomes)-288(constant,)-288(which)-288(is)-288(contributed)-288(from)-288(the)-288(series)]TJ T* [(bulk)-333(material)-333(resistance.)]TJ 1.7 -1.15 Td [(The)-335(log-log)-335(plot)-335(of)-335(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 9.728 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.965 0 Td [(data)-335(for)-335(the)-335(nitrogen-doped-)]TJ -13.099 -1.15 Td [(ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.35 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-377(sample)-377(is)-377(shown)-377(in)-377(Fig.)-377(4.)-360(The)-377(current)-377(transport)]TJ -2.87 -1.15 Td [(follows)-373(an)-373(Ohmic)-373(behavior)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 11.658 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (i.e.,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.845 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.554 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.631 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.706 0 Td [(for)-373(the)-373(applied)-373(for)20(-)]TJ -16.669 -1.15 Td [(ward)-250(voltage)-250(smaller)-250(than)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 10.608 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.853 0 Td [(1)-334(V)-20(.)-195(As)-250(the)-250(applied)-250(bias)-250(is)-250(lar)18(ger)]TJ -11.461 -1.15 Td (than)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 2.052 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.853 0 Td [(1.0)-314(V)-20(,)-330(the)-330(current)-330(transport)-330(deviates)-330(from)-330(Ohmic)-330(be-)]TJ -2.905 -1.15 Td [(havior)-363(and)-363(with)-363(applied)-363(bias)-363(lar)18(ger)-363(than)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 16.911 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.853 0 Td [(2.5)-314(V)-20(,)-363(it)-363(follows)]TJ -17.764 -1.15 Td [(the)-681(dependence)-681(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 8.817 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.554 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 423.6778 410.6268 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 427.3094 406.9559 Tm [(.)-663(The)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.148 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.554 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 479.9478 410.6268 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 490.3713 406.9559 Tm [(transport)-681(of)-681(the)]TJ -17.628 -1.15 Td [(N-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 6.182 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-406(cannot)-406(be)-406(explained)-406(by)-406(the)-406(heterojunc-)]TJ -6.702 -1.15 Td [(tion)-311(band)-311(structure)-311(model)-311(as)-311(described)-311(in)-311(the)-311(last)-311(paragraph.)]TJ 1.7 -1.15 Td [(Space)-291(char)18(ge)-291(limited)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 8.741 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (SCL)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 1.834 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.624 0 Td [(current)-291(conduction)-291(has)-291(been)]TJ -13.231 -1.15 Td [(observed)-415(in)-415(various)-415(semiconductor)-415(structures.)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 504.2462 365.7968 Tm [(1)37(1\32014)]TJ 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 525.5962 361.0573 Tm (Lambort)Tj -21.158 -1.15 Td [(and)-430(Mark)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 354.7942 354.3222 Tm (15)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 366.0741 349.5827 Tm [(have)-430(developed)-430(the)-430(single)-430(carrier)-430(SCL)-393(current)]TJ -5.171 -1.15 Td [(model)-320(with)-320(the)-320(presence)-320(of)-320(a)-320(trap)-320(above)-320(the)-320(Fermi)-320(level.)-265(As)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(the)-333(applied)-333(voltage)-333(is)-333(lower)-333(than)-333(the)-333(onset)-333(voltage)-333(for)-333(devi-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(ating)-275(from)-275(Ohmic)-275(behavior)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 11.263 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (i.e.,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.747 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.721 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 470.5068 313.0753 Tm (on)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 480.2333 315.1588 Tm [(as)-275(shown)-275(in)-275(Fig.)-275(4)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 7.404 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (,)Tj -24.349 -1.15 Td [(the)-271(thermally)-271(generated)-271(carrier)-271(density)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.794 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 477.2635 301.6006 Tm (0)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 483.5994 303.6841 Tm [(dominates)-271(over)-271(the)]TJ -16.949 -1.15 Td [(injected)-698(carrier)-698(density)-698(and)-698(the)-698(carrier)-698(transit)-698(time)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 551.9803 292.2095 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 556.6087 290.126 Tm (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 314.4812 280.7348 Tm (=)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 326.3898 284.4057 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 330.9172 280.7348 Tm (/)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 334.7851 280.7348 Tm (\005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 341.6384 280.7348 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 347.933 278.6513 Tm (on)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 360.2675 280.7348 Tm [(is)-536(lar)18(ger)-536(than)-536(the)-536(dielectric)-536(relaxation)-536(time)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 551.5931 280.7348 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 556.2214 278.6513 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 314.4812 269.2602 Tm (=)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 321.2026 269.2602 Tm (\t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 326.7268 269.2602 Tm (/)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0199 Tc 0.388 0 Td (qn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 340.969 269.2602 Tm (\005)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 347.8223 269.2602 Tm [(.)-347(The)-364(injected)-364(carrier)-364(would)-364(thus)-364(under)18(go)-364(dielectric)]TJ -3.342 -1.15 Td [(relaxation)-286(to)-286(maintain)-286(the)-286(char)18(ge)-286(neutrality)-286(rather)-286(than)-286(trans-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(port)-308(across)-308(the)-308(sample.)-308(In)-308(this)-308(region,)-308(the)-308(traps)-308(are)-308(not)-308(com-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(pletely)-333(\336lled.)-279(As)-333(the)-333(applied)-333(voltage)-333(is)-333(lar)18(ger)-333(than)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.898 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 529.2952 232.7527 Tm (on)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 536.2807 234.8362 Tm (,)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 542.1029 234.8362 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 546.7313 232.7527 Tm (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 553.2997 234.8362 Tm (is)Tj -23.935 -1.15 Td [(smaller)-395(than)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 368.9218 223.3616 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 373.5502 221.2781 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 381.1248 223.3616 Tm [(and)-395(the)-395(injected)-395(carrier)-395(dominates)-395(over)-395(the)]TJ -6.679 -1.15 Td [(thermally)-297(generated)-297(carrier)55(.)-279(The)-297(increase)-297(of)-297(the)-297(applied)-297(volt-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(age)-326(also)-326(shifts)-326(the)-326(quasi-Fermi)-326(level)-326(towards)-326(the)-326(conduction)]TJ ET q 155.9999695 0 0 109.1999817 95.7939758 630.0424194 cm /Im0 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 51.0633 612.0822 Tm [(FIG.)-302(1.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 3.339 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.933 0 Td [(data)-302(of)-302(the)-302(undoped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.752 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-302(and)-302(the)-302(N-doped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.939 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-302(het-)]TJ -27.709 -1.187 Td [(erostructures)-333(measured)-333(at)-333(room)-333(temperature.)]TJ ET q 155.9999695 0 0 123.5999908 95.7939758 52.7584076 cm /Im1 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 51.0633 34.7981 Tm [(FIG.)-431(2.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 3.599 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.062 0 Td [(data)-431(of)-431(the)-431(undoped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.141 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-431(sample)-431(measured)-431(at)-431(dif)18(ferent)]TJ -17.028 -1.187 Td [(temperatures.)-313(The)-331(inlet)-331(showed)-331(the)-331(diode)-331(resistance)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0198 Tc 21.485 0 Td (dV)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.24 0 Td (/)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0198 Tc 0.387 0 Td (dI)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.203 0 Td [(as)-331(a)-331(function)-331(of)]TJ -24.315 -1.187 Td [(the)-333(applied)-333(bias)-333(as)-333(the)-333(sample)-333(was)-333(forward)-333(biased.)]TJ ET q 245.9999847 0 0 158.9999695 314.4812012 580.2434692 cm /Im2 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 314.4812 562.2831 Tm [(FIG.)-413(3.)-538(Band)-413(structure)-413(of)-413(the)-413(ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.23 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-413(heterostructure)-413(derived)-413(from)-413(the)]TJ -15.749 -1.187 Td [(Anderson)-333(model.)]TJ ET q 155.9999695 0 0 133.9199829 359.2119141 43.2794037 cm /Im3 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 314.4812 25.3191 Tm [(FIG.)-321(4.)-446(The)-321(log-log)-321(plot)-321(for)-321(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.37 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.952 0 Td [(data)-321(of)-321(the)-321(N-doped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.865 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-321(sample)]TJ -26.412 -1.187 Td [(at)-333(room)-333(temperature.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -33 92.75 Td [(132104-2)-2150(Chen)]TJ /T1_5 1 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(et)-333(al.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 38.653 0 Td [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)-333(Lett.)]TJ /T1_6 1 Tf 7.724 0 Td (88)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 1.112 0 Td [(,)-333(132104)]TJ /T1_7 1 Tf 0 Tc 4.279 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.333 0 Td (2006)Tj /T1_7 1 Tf 0 Tc 2.224 0 Td (\001)Tj ET q 0 0 612 792 re W n Q endstream endobj 113 0 obj<>stream 0 0 0 1 k 1 i /GS0 gs BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9.978 0 0 9.978 51.0633 731.2592 Tm [(band)-317(and)-317(the)-317(ef)18(fect)-317(would)-317(be)-317(the)-317(\336lling)-317(up)-317(of)-317(the)-317(trap)-317(at)-317(the)]TJ 0 -1.16 TD [(ener)18(gy)-430(level)-430(of)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.771 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 124.9186 717.6019 Tm (C)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 130.6126 719.6853 Tm ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 143.6286 717.6019 Tm (t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 150.004 719.6853 Tm (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(i.e.,)-430(the)-430(trap)-430(\336lling)-430(region)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.346 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 272.8259 717.6019 Tm (on)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 280.7071 719.6853 Tm (\002)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf -23.958 -1.16 Td (\002)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 66.7633 706.028 Tm (TFL)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 82.1853 708.1115 Tm [(in)-301(Fig.)-301(4)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.464 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(.)-246(As)-301(the)-301(applied)-301(voltage)-301(further)-301(increases)-301(to)]TJ -6.916 -1.16 Td [(the)-267(extent)-267(that)-267(all)-267(the)-267(traps)-267(are)-267(\336lled)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.745 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (i.e.,)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.739 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.721 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 241.7492 694.4542 Tm (TFL)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 256.834 696.5376 Tm [(in)-267(Fig.)-267(4)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.396 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (,)Tj -24.352 -1.16 Td [(the)-370(conduction)-370(would)-370(become)-370(space)-370(char)18(ge)-370(limited)-370(and)-370(the)]TJ T* [(current)-274(follows)-274(the)-274(dependence)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 176.7352 678.1295 Tm (15)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 186.4532 673.3899 Tm (of)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.107 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.554 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.1096 Tc 0.353 0 Td (9/8)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.517 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.0199 Tc 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 231.9223 673.3899 Tm (\t\005)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 243.4041 673.3899 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 249.6987 677.0608 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 254.2261 673.3899 Tm (/)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.388 0 Td (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 263.2811 677.0608 Tm (3)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 266.9128 673.3899 Tm [(,)-274(where)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -21.633 -1.218 Td (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.853 0 Td [(is)-333(the)-333(thickness)-333(of)-333(the)-333(active)-333(region.)]TJ 0.847 -1.16 Td [(As)-475(for)-475(the)-475(present)-475(N-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 14.469 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-475(structure)-475(under)]TJ -16.688 -1.16 Td [(the)-422(forward)-422(bias,)-422(most)-422(of)-422(the)-422(applied)-422(bias)-422(potential)-422(would)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(drop)-275(across)-275(the)-275(ZnO)-275(\336lm)-275(as)-275(its)-275(resistance)-275(is)-275(high.)-275(Because)-275(of)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(the)-485(lar)18(ge)-485(barrier)-485(to)-485(hole)-485(injection)-485(as)-485(compared)-485(to)-485(that)-485(of)]TJ T* [(electron,)-378(the)-378(injection)-378(current)-378(is)-378(mainly)-378(carried)-378(through)-378(the)]TJ T* [(injected)-341(electrons,)-341(which)-341(is)-341(of)-341(the)-341(form)-341(of)-341(the)-341(single)-341(carrier)]TJ T* [(injection.)-427(The)-445(activation)-445(ener)18(gy)-445(of)-445(the)-445(trap)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 18.662 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 243.562 578.6334 Tm (C)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 249.2559 580.7169 Tm ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 262.272 578.6334 Tm (t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 268.7976 580.7169 Tm [(can)-445(be)]TJ -21.821 -1.15 Td [(found)-328(by)-328(plotting)-328(log)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.936 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.792 0 Td [(against)-328(1)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.158 0 Td (T)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.904 0 Td [(in)-328(the)-328(trap)-328(\336lling)-328(region)]TJ -14.79 -1.15 Td [(and)-607(the)-607(activation)-607(ener)18(gy)-607(of)-607(the)-607(trap)-607(was)-607(found)-607(to)-607(be)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(0.43)-314(eV.)-408(By)-408(monitoring)-408(the)-408(trap)-408(\336ll)-408(limit)-408(voltage)-408(which)-408(is)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(given)-453(by)65(.)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 89.5827 539.5578 Tm (15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 101.0922 534.8182 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 107.3869 532.7348 Tm (TFL)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 120.7028 534.8182 Tm (=)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0199 Tc 0.674 0 Td (qN)Tj 0 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 139.4647 532.7348 Tm (t)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 141.5456 534.8182 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 146.7327 538.4891 Tm (2)Tj 0.1096 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 151.2601 534.8182 Tm (/2)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 160.3152 534.8182 Tm (\t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 164.9436 534.8182 Tm [(,)-453(the)-453(trap)-453(concentration)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.283 0 Td (N)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 274.402 532.7348 Tm (t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 281.007 534.8182 Tm (was)Tj -23.045 -1.15 Td [(found)-333(to)-333(have)-333(a)-333(value)-333(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.439 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.1096 Tc 0.353 0 Td (2\3203)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.739 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.443 0 Td (\004)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (10)Tj 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 199.8991 527.0145 Tm (17)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 210.0169 523.3436 Tm (cm)Tj 0.02 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 222.2093 527.0145 Tm (3)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 229.9196 523.3436 Tm (.)Tj -16.225 -1.208 Td [(In)-387(conclusion,)-387(we)-387(have)-387(fabricated)-387(the)-387(undoped)-387(and)-387(the)]TJ -1.7 -1.15 Td [(nitrogen-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.793 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-621(heterojunction)-621(by)-621(PIII&D.)-603(The)]TJ -9.313 -1.15 Td [(undoped)-324(and)-324(the)-324(nitrogen-doped)-324(ZnO)-324(\336lms)-324(were)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.265 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.844 0 Td [(type)-324(and)]TJ -21.109 -1.15 Td [(highly)-378(resistive.)-378(Both)-378(of)-378(the)-378(samples)-378(showed)-378(rectifying)-378(be-)]TJ T* [(havior)55(.)-556(The)-574(forward)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.174 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.205 0 Td [(data)-574(showed)-574(that)-574(the)-574(undoped-)]TJ -11.084 -1.15 Td [(ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.35 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-441(sample)-441(followed)-441(the)-441(Ohmic)-441(behavior)55(.)-441(However)40(,)]TJ -2.87 -1.15 Td [(for)-506(the)-506(N-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.582 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-506(sample,)-506(the)-506(current)-506(is)-506(propor)20(-)]TJ -10.102 -1.15 Td [(tional)-327(to)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.71 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 94.3799 434.6391 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 98.0116 430.9682 Tm [(,)-327(which)-327(is)-327(a)-327(typical)-327(behavior)-327(of)-327(the)-327(space)-327(char)18(ge)]TJ -4.705 -1.15 Td [(limited)-333(current)-333(phenomenon.)]TJ 28.1 31.245 Td [(This)-252(project)-252(was)-252(supported)-252(by)-252(the)-252(CERG,)-252(RGC,)-252(HKSAR)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -1.7 -1.15 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(No.)-568(7032/04)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.318 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(,)-568(the)-568(University)-568(Development,)-568(Hong)-568(Kong)]TJ -5.984 -1.15 Td [(University)65(,)-476(and)-476(the)-476(City)-476(University)-476(of)-476(Hong)-476(Kong)-476(Direct)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(Allocation)-333(Grant)-333(No.)-333(93601)37(10.)]TJ 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 679.1244 Tm (1)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 675.3827 Tm [(D.)-333(C.)-333(Look,)-333(Mater)55(.)-333(Sci.)-333(Eng.,)-333(B)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 13.667 0 Td (80)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(,)-333(383)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2001)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 669.6454 Tm (2)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 665.9036 Tm [(Chris)-333(G.)-333(V)111(an)-333(de)-315(W)80(alle,)-333(Physica)-333(B)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 14.485 0 Td (308\226310)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(,)-333(899)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2001)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 660.1663 Tm (3)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 656.4246 Tm [(S.)-303(J.)-303(Pearton,)-303(D.)-303(P)111(.)-303(Norton,)-303(K.)-303(Ip,)-303(Y)129(.)-303(W)92(.)-303(Heo,)-303(and)-303(T)74(.)-303(Steiner,)-303(Prog.)-303(Mater)55(.)]TJ 0 -1.187 TD (Sci.)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 2.061 0 Td (50)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(293)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 641.2082 Tm (4)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 637.4664 Tm [(U.)-286(Ozgur,)-286(Y)100(a.)-286(I.)-286(Alivov,)-286(C.)-286(Liu,)-286(A.)-286(T)70(eke,)-286(M.)-286(A.)-286(Reshchikov,)-286(S.)-286(Do)]TJ /T1_5 1 Tf 27.18 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 0 Td [(an,)-286(V)129(.)]TJ -27.68 -1.187 Td [(A)74(vrutin,)-333(S.)-333(J.)-333(Cho,)-333(and)-333(H.)-333(Morko\215,)-333(J.)-278(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 21.036 0 Td (98)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(041301)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.333 0 Td (2005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 622.2501 Tm (5)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 618.5083 Tm [(D.)-323(C.)-323(Look,)-323(D.)-323(C.)-323(Reynolds,)-323(C.)-323(W)92(.)-323(Litton,)-323(R.)-323(L.)-323(Jones,)-323(D.)-323(B.)-323(Eason,)-323(and)]TJ T* [(G.)-333(Cantwell,)-333(Appl.)-333(Phys.)-333(Lett.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 13.002 0 Td (81)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(1830)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2002)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 603.292 Tm (6)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 599.5502 Tm [(K.)-571(Minegishi,)-571(Y)129(.)-571(Koiwai,)-571(Y)129(.)-571(Kikuchi,)-571(K.)-571(Y)100(ano,)-571(M.)-571(Kasuga,)-571(and)-571(A.)]TJ T* [(Shimizu,)-333(Jpn.)-333(J.)-278(Appl.)-333(Phys.,)-333(Part)-333(2)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 15.141 0 Td (36)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(L1453)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.526 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1997)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 584.3339 Tm (7)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 580.5922 Tm [(K.)-523(Iwata,)-523(P)111(.)-523(Fons,)-523(A.)-523(Y)100(amada,)-523(K.)-523(Matsubara,)-523(and)-523(S.)-523(Nike,)-523(J.)-523(Cryst.)]TJ T* (Growth)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 3.587 0 Td (209)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3327 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(,5)333(2)333(6)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2000)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 565.3757 Tm (8)Tj -0.0001 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 561.634 Tm [(Y)129(.)-308(F)80(.)-308(Mei,)-308(R.)-308(K.)-271(Y)129(.)-308(Fu,)-308(G.)-308(G.)-308(Siu,)-308(P)111(.)-308(K.)-308(Chu,)-308(Z.)-308(M.)-308(Li,)-308(C.)-308(L.)-308(Y)100(ang,)-308(W)92(.)-308(K.)]TJ 0 Tc T* [(Ge,)-407(Z.)-407(K.)-407(T)70(ang,)-407(W)92(.)-407(Y)129(.)-407(Cheung,)-407(and)-407(S.)-407(P)111(.)-407(W)80(ong,)-407(Mater)55(.)-407(Sci.)-407(Semicond.)]TJ T* (Process.)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 3.837 0 Td (7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 0 Td [(,)-333(459)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2004)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 536.9386 Tm (9)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 533.1968 Tm [(A.)-273(G.)-273(Milnes)-273(and)-273(D.)-273(L.)-273(Feucht,)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.884 0 Td [(Heter)37(ojunctions)-273(and)-273(Metal-Semiconductor)]TJ -12.884 -1.187 Td (Junctions)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.165 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(Academic,)-333(New)-296(Y)100(ork,)-333(1972)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.358 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 517.9805 Tm (10)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 514.2387 Tm [(A.)-431(Aranovich,)-431(D.)-431(G.)-431(Golmayo,)-431(A.)-431(L.)-431(Fabrenbruch,)-431(and)-431(R.)-431(H.)-431(Bube,)-431(J.)]TJ T* [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 5.31 0 Td (51)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(4260)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1980)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj -0.0367 Tc 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 315.1814 499.0224 Tm (11)Tj 0 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 495.2806 Tm [(O.)-333(J.)-333(Marsh)-333(and)-333(C.)-333(R.)-333(V)60(iswanathan,)-333(J.)-278(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 21.41 0 Td (38)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(3135)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1967)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 489.5433 Tm (12)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 485.8016 Tm [(S.)-366(T)70(ehrani,)-366(J.)-366(S.)-366(Kim,)-366(L.)-366(L.)-366(Hench,)-366(C.)-366(M.)-366(V)111(an)-348(V)60(ilet,)-366(and)-366(G.)-366(Bosman,)-366(J.)]TJ T* [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 5.31 0 Td (58)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(1562)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1985)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 470.5852 Tm (13)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 466.8435 Tm [(H.)-421(P)111(.)-421(Hall,)-421(M.)-421(A.)-421(A)92(waah,)-421(and)-421(K.)-421(Das,)-421(Phys.)-421(Status)-421(Solidi)-366(A)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 26.332 0 Td (201)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4211 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(,5)421(2)421(2)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -27.831 -1.187 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2004)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 451.6271 Tm (14)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 447.8853 Tm [(R.)-264(L.)-264(Hof)18(fman,)-264(J.)-264(F)80(.)-264(W)80(agner,)-264(M.)-264(K.)-264(Jayaraj,)-264(and)-264(J.)-264(T)70(ate,)-264(J.)-210(Appl.)-264(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 28.749 0 Td (90)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1 0 Td (,)Tj -29.748 -1.187 Td (5763)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.332 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2001)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 432.669 Tm (15)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 428.9272 Tm [(M.)-320(A.)-320(Lampert)-320(and)-320(P)111(.)-320(Mark,)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.971 0 Td [(Curr)37(ent)-320(Injection)-320(in)-320(Solids)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.186 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(Academic,)-320(New)]TJ -23.489 -1.187 Td [(Y)100(ork,)-333(1970)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.537 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_6 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -38.621 42.188 Td [(132104-3)-2150(Chen)]TJ /T1_7 1 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(et)-333(al.)]TJ /T1_6 1 Tf 38.653 0 Td [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)-333(Lett.)]TJ /T1_8 1 Tf 7.724 0 Td (88)Tj /T1_6 1 Tf 1.112 0 Td 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[(the)-333(applied)-333(voltage)-333(is)-333(lower)-333(than)-333(the)-333(onset)-333(voltage)-333(for)-333(devi-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(ating)-275(from)-275(Ohmic)-275(behavior)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 11.263 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (i.e.,)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 1.747 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.721 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 470.5068 313.0753 Tm (on)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 480.2333 315.1588 Tm [(as)-275(shown)-275(in)-275(Fig.)-275(4)]TJ /T1_3 1 Tf 7.404 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (,)Tj -24.349 -1.15 Td [(the)-271(thermally)-271(generated)-271(carrier)-271(density)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.794 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 477.2635 301.6006 Tm (0)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 483.5994 303.6841 Tm [(dominates)-271(over)-271(the)]TJ -16.949 -1.15 Td [(injected)-698(carrier)-698(density)-698(and)-698(the)-698(carrier)-698(transit)-698(time)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 551.9803 292.2095 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 556.6087 290.126 Tm (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 314.4812 280.7348 Tm (=)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 326.3898 284.4057 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 330.9172 280.7348 Tm (/)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 334.7851 280.7348 Tm (\005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 341.6384 280.7348 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 347.933 278.6513 Tm (on)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 360.2675 280.7348 Tm [(is)-536(lar)18(ger)-536(than)-536(the)-536(dielectric)-536(relaxation)-536(time)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 551.5931 280.7348 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 556.2214 278.6513 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 314.4812 269.2602 Tm (=)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 321.2026 269.2602 Tm (\t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 326.7268 269.2602 Tm (/)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0199 Tc 0.388 0 Td (qn)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 340.969 269.2602 Tm (\005)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 347.8223 269.2602 Tm [(.)-347(The)-364(injected)-364(carrier)-364(would)-364(thus)-364(under)18(go)-364(dielectric)]TJ -3.342 -1.15 Td [(relaxation)-286(to)-286(maintain)-286(the)-286(char)18(ge)-286(neutrality)-286(rather)-286(than)-286(trans-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(port)-308(across)-308(the)-308(sample.)-308(In)-308(this)-308(region,)-308(the)-308(traps)-308(are)-308(not)-308(com-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(pletely)-333(\336lled.)-279(As)-333(the)-333(applied)-333(voltage)-333(is)-333(lar)18(ger)-333(than)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 20.898 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 529.2952 232.7527 Tm (on)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 536.2807 234.8362 Tm (,)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 542.1029 234.8362 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 546.7313 232.7527 Tm (c)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 553.2997 234.8362 Tm (is)Tj -23.935 -1.15 Td [(smaller)-395(than)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 368.9218 223.3616 Tm (\b)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 373.5502 221.2781 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 381.1248 223.3616 Tm [(and)-395(the)-395(injected)-395(carrier)-395(dominates)-395(over)-395(the)]TJ -6.679 -1.15 Td [(thermally)-297(generated)-297(carrier)55(.)-279(The)-297(increase)-297(of)-297(the)-297(applied)-297(volt-)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(age)-326(also)-326(shifts)-326(the)-326(quasi-Fermi)-326(level)-326(towards)-326(the)-326(conduction)]TJ ET q 155.9999695 0 0 109.1999817 95.7939758 630.0424194 cm /Im0 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 51.0633 612.0822 Tm [(FIG.)-302(1.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 3.339 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.933 0 Td [(data)-302(of)-302(the)-302(undoped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.752 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-302(and)-302(the)-302(N-doped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.939 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-302(het-)]TJ -27.709 -1.187 Td [(erostructures)-333(measured)-333(at)-333(room)-333(temperature.)]TJ ET q 155.9999695 0 0 123.5999908 95.7939758 52.7584076 cm /Im1 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 51.0633 34.7981 Tm [(FIG.)-431(2.)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 3.599 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.062 0 Td [(data)-431(of)-431(the)-431(undoped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.141 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-431(sample)-431(measured)-431(at)-431(dif)18(ferent)]TJ -17.028 -1.187 Td [(temperatures.)-313(The)-331(inlet)-331(showed)-331(the)-331(diode)-331(resistance)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0198 Tc 21.485 0 Td (dV)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.24 0 Td (/)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.0198 Tc 0.387 0 Td (dI)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.203 0 Td [(as)-331(a)-331(function)-331(of)]TJ -24.315 -1.187 Td [(the)-333(applied)-333(bias)-333(as)-333(the)-333(sample)-333(was)-333(forward)-333(biased.)]TJ ET q 245.9999847 0 0 158.9999695 314.4812012 580.2434692 cm /Im2 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 314.4812 562.2831 Tm [(FIG.)-413(3.)-538(Band)-413(structure)-413(of)-413(the)-413(ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 15.23 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-413(heterostructure)-413(derived)-413(from)-413(the)]TJ -15.749 -1.187 Td [(Anderson)-333(model.)]TJ ET q 155.9999695 0 0 133.9199829 359.2119141 43.2794037 cm /Im3 Do Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 314.4812 25.3191 Tm [(FIG.)-321(4.)-446(The)-321(log-log)-321(plot)-321(for)-321(the)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 13.37 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.952 0 Td [(data)-321(of)-321(the)-321(N-doped-ZnO)-109(/)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.865 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-321(sample)]TJ -26.412 -1.187 Td [(at)-333(room)-333(temperature.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -33 92.75 Td [(132104-2)-2150(Chen)]TJ /T1_5 1 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(et)-333(al.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 38.653 0 Td [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)-333(Lett.)]TJ /T1_6 1 Tf 7.724 0 Td (88)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 1.112 0 Td [(,)-333(132104)]TJ /T1_7 1 Tf 0 Tc 4.279 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.333 0 Td (2006)Tj /T1_7 1 Tf 0 Tc 2.224 0 Td (\001)Tj ET endstream endobj 117 0 obj<>stream 0 0 0 1 k 1 i /GS0 gs BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9.978 0 0 9.978 51.0633 731.2592 Tm [(band)-317(and)-317(the)-317(ef)18(fect)-317(would)-317(be)-317(the)-317(\336lling)-317(up)-317(of)-317(the)-317(trap)-317(at)-317(the)]TJ 0 -1.16 TD [(ener)18(gy)-430(level)-430(of)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 6.771 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 124.9186 717.6019 Tm (C)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 130.6126 719.6853 Tm ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 143.6286 717.6019 Tm (t)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 150.004 719.6853 Tm (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(i.e.,)-430(the)-430(trap)-430(\336lling)-430(region)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.346 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 272.8259 717.6019 Tm (on)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 280.7071 719.6853 Tm (\002)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf -23.958 -1.16 Td (\002)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 66.7633 706.028 Tm (TFL)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 82.1853 708.1115 Tm [(in)-301(Fig.)-301(4)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.464 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(.)-246(As)-301(the)-301(applied)-301(voltage)-301(further)-301(increases)-301(to)]TJ -6.916 -1.16 Td [(the)-267(extent)-267(that)-267(all)-267(the)-267(traps)-267(are)-267(\336lled)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 14.745 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (i.e.,)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.739 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.721 0 Td (\003)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 241.7492 694.4542 Tm (TFL)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 256.834 696.5376 Tm [(in)-267(Fig.)-267(4)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.396 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (,)Tj -24.352 -1.16 Td [(the)-370(conduction)-370(would)-370(become)-370(space)-370(char)18(ge)-370(limited)-370(and)-370(the)]TJ T* [(current)-274(follows)-274(the)-274(dependence)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 176.7352 678.1295 Tm (15)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 186.4532 673.3899 Tm (of)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 1.107 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.554 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.1096 Tc 0.353 0 Td (9/8)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.517 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.0199 Tc 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 231.9223 673.3899 Tm (\t\005)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 243.4041 673.3899 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 249.6987 677.0608 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 254.2261 673.3899 Tm (/)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.388 0 Td (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 263.2811 677.0608 Tm (3)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 266.9128 673.3899 Tm [(,)-274(where)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf -21.633 -1.218 Td (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.853 0 Td [(is)-333(the)-333(thickness)-333(of)-333(the)-333(active)-333(region.)]TJ 0.847 -1.16 Td [(As)-475(for)-475(the)-475(present)-475(N-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 14.469 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-475(structure)-475(under)]TJ -16.688 -1.16 Td [(the)-422(forward)-422(bias,)-422(most)-422(of)-422(the)-422(applied)-422(bias)-422(potential)-422(would)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(drop)-275(across)-275(the)-275(ZnO)-275(\336lm)-275(as)-275(its)-275(resistance)-275(is)-275(high.)-275(Because)-275(of)]TJ T* [(the)-485(lar)18(ge)-485(barrier)-485(to)-485(hole)-485(injection)-485(as)-485(compared)-485(to)-485(that)-485(of)]TJ T* [(electron,)-378(the)-378(injection)-378(current)-378(is)-378(mainly)-378(carried)-378(through)-378(the)]TJ T* [(injected)-341(electrons,)-341(which)-341(is)-341(of)-341(the)-341(form)-341(of)-341(the)-341(single)-341(carrier)]TJ T* [(injection.)-427(The)-445(activation)-445(ener)18(gy)-445(of)-445(the)-445(trap)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 18.662 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 243.562 578.6334 Tm (C)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 249.2559 580.7169 Tm ()Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.674 0 Td (E)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 262.272 578.6334 Tm (t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 268.7976 580.7169 Tm [(can)-445(be)]TJ -21.821 -1.15 Td [(found)-328(by)-328(plotting)-328(log)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.936 0 Td (J)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.792 0 Td [(against)-328(1)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 4.158 0 Td (T)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.904 0 Td [(in)-328(the)-328(trap)-328(\336lling)-328(region)]TJ -14.79 -1.15 Td [(and)-607(the)-607(activation)-607(ener)18(gy)-607(of)-607(the)-607(trap)-607(was)-607(found)-607(to)-607(be)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(0.43)-314(eV.)-408(By)-408(monitoring)-408(the)-408(trap)-408(\336ll)-408(limit)-408(voltage)-408(which)-408(is)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(given)-453(by)65(.)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 89.5827 539.5578 Tm (15)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 101.0922 534.8182 Tm (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 107.3869 532.7348 Tm (TFL)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 120.7028 534.8182 Tm (=)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.0199 Tc 0.674 0 Td (qN)Tj 0 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 139.4647 532.7348 Tm (t)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 141.5456 534.8182 Tm (d)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 146.7327 538.4891 Tm (2)Tj 0.1096 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 151.2601 534.8182 Tm (/2)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0 Tc 9.978 0 2.7694 9.978 160.3152 534.8182 Tm (\t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 164.9436 534.8182 Tm [(,)-453(the)-453(trap)-453(concentration)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 10.283 0 Td (N)Tj 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 274.402 532.7348 Tm (t)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 9.978 0 0 9.978 281.007 534.8182 Tm (was)Tj -23.045 -1.15 Td [(found)-333(to)-333(have)-333(a)-333(value)-333(of)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 10.439 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.1096 Tc 0.353 0 Td (2\3203)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 1.739 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_3 1 Tf 0.443 0 Td (\004)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.943 0 Td (10)Tj 0.0001 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 199.8991 527.0145 Tm (17)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 210.0169 523.3436 Tm (cm)Tj 0.02 Tc 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 222.2093 527.0145 Tm (3)Tj 0 Tc 9.978 0 0 9.978 229.9196 523.3436 Tm (.)Tj -16.225 -1.208 Td [(In)-387(conclusion,)-387(we)-387(have)-387(fabricated)-387(the)-387(undoped)-387(and)-387(the)]TJ -1.7 -1.15 Td [(nitrogen-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 8.793 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-621(heterojunction)-621(by)-621(PIII&D.)-603(The)]TJ -9.313 -1.15 Td [(undoped)-324(and)-324(the)-324(nitrogen-doped)-324(ZnO)-324(\336lms)-324(were)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 20.265 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.844 0 Td [(type)-324(and)]TJ -21.109 -1.15 Td [(highly)-378(resistive.)-378(Both)-378(of)-378(the)-378(samples)-378(showed)-378(rectifying)-378(be-)]TJ T* [(havior)55(.)-556(The)-574(forward)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.174 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 0.353 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1.205 0 Td [(data)-574(showed)-574(that)-574(the)-574(undoped-)]TJ -11.084 -1.15 Td [(ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 2.35 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-441(sample)-441(followed)-441(the)-441(Ohmic)-441(behavior)55(.)-441(However)40(,)]TJ -2.87 -1.15 Td [(for)-506(the)-506(N-doped-ZnO)-110(/)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 9.582 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.52 0 Td [(-)-20(Si)-506(sample,)-506(the)-506(current)-506(is)-506(propor)20(-)]TJ -10.102 -1.15 Td [(tional)-327(to)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 3.71 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 6.9846 0 0 6.9846 94.3799 434.6391 Tm (2)Tj 9.978 0 0 9.978 98.0116 430.9682 Tm [(,)-327(which)-327(is)-327(a)-327(typical)-327(behavior)-327(of)-327(the)-327(space)-327(char)18(ge)]TJ -4.705 -1.15 Td [(limited)-333(current)-333(phenomenon.)]TJ 28.1 31.245 Td [(This)-252(project)-252(was)-252(supported)-252(by)-252(the)-252(CERG,)-252(RGC,)-252(HKSAR)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf -1.7 -1.15 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(No.)-568(7032/04)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 5.318 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(,)-568(the)-568(University)-568(Development,)-568(Hong)-568(Kong)]TJ -5.984 -1.15 Td [(University)65(,)-476(and)-476(the)-476(City)-476(University)-476(of)-476(Hong)-476(Kong)-476(Direct)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(Allocation)-333(Grant)-333(No.)-333(93601)37(10.)]TJ 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 679.1244 Tm (1)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 675.3827 Tm [(D.)-333(C.)-333(Look,)-333(Mater)55(.)-333(Sci.)-333(Eng.,)-333(B)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 13.667 0 Td (80)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1 0 Td [(,)-333(383)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2001)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 669.6454 Tm (2)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 665.9036 Tm [(Chris)-333(G.)-333(V)111(an)-333(de)-315(W)80(alle,)-333(Physica)-333(B)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 14.485 0 Td (308\226310)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 3.5 0 Td [(,)-333(899)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2001)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 660.1663 Tm (3)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 656.4246 Tm [(S.)-303(J.)-303(Pearton,)-303(D.)-303(P)111(.)-303(Norton,)-303(K.)-303(Ip,)-303(Y)129(.)-303(W)92(.)-303(Heo,)-303(and)-303(T)74(.)-303(Steiner,)-303(Prog.)-303(Mater)55(.)]TJ 0 -1.187 TD (Sci.)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 2.061 0 Td (50)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(293)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 641.2082 Tm (4)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 637.4664 Tm [(U.)-286(Ozgur,)-286(Y)100(a.)-286(I.)-286(Alivov,)-286(C.)-286(Liu,)-286(A.)-286(T)70(eke,)-286(M.)-286(A.)-286(Reshchikov,)-286(S.)-286(Do)]TJ /T1_5 1 Tf 27.18 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 0 Td [(an,)-286(V)129(.)]TJ -27.68 -1.187 Td [(A)74(vrutin,)-333(S.)-333(J.)-333(Cho,)-333(and)-333(H.)-333(Morko\215,)-333(J.)-278(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 21.036 0 Td (98)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(041301)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.333 0 Td (2005)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 622.2501 Tm (5)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 618.5083 Tm [(D.)-323(C.)-323(Look,)-323(D.)-323(C.)-323(Reynolds,)-323(C.)-323(W)92(.)-323(Litton,)-323(R.)-323(L.)-323(Jones,)-323(D.)-323(B.)-323(Eason,)-323(and)]TJ T* [(G.)-333(Cantwell,)-333(Appl.)-333(Phys.)-333(Lett.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 13.002 0 Td (81)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(1830)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2002)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 603.292 Tm (6)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 599.5502 Tm [(K.)-571(Minegishi,)-571(Y)129(.)-571(Koiwai,)-571(Y)129(.)-571(Kikuchi,)-571(K.)-571(Y)100(ano,)-571(M.)-571(Kasuga,)-571(and)-571(A.)]TJ T* [(Shimizu,)-333(Jpn.)-333(J.)-278(Appl.)-333(Phys.,)-333(Part)-333(2)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 15.141 0 Td (36)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(L1453)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 3.526 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1997)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 584.3339 Tm (7)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 580.5922 Tm [(K.)-523(Iwata,)-523(P)111(.)-523(Fons,)-523(A.)-523(Y)100(amada,)-523(K.)-523(Matsubara,)-523(and)-523(S.)-523(Nike,)-523(J.)-523(Cryst.)]TJ T* (Growth)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 3.587 0 Td (209)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.3327 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(,5)333(2)333(6)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2000)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 565.3757 Tm (8)Tj -0.0001 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 561.634 Tm [(Y)129(.)-308(F)80(.)-308(Mei,)-308(R.)-308(K.)-271(Y)129(.)-308(Fu,)-308(G.)-308(G.)-308(Siu,)-308(P)111(.)-308(K.)-308(Chu,)-308(Z.)-308(M.)-308(Li,)-308(C.)-308(L.)-308(Y)100(ang,)-308(W)92(.)-308(K.)]TJ 0 Tc T* [(Ge,)-407(Z.)-407(K.)-407(T)70(ang,)-407(W)92(.)-407(Y)129(.)-407(Cheung,)-407(and)-407(S.)-407(P)111(.)-407(W)80(ong,)-407(Mater)55(.)-407(Sci.)-407(Semicond.)]TJ T* (Process.)Tj /T1_4 1 Tf 3.837 0 Td (7)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.5 0 Td [(,)-333(459)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.415 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2004)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 317.7241 536.9386 Tm (9)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 533.1968 Tm [(A.)-273(G.)-273(Milnes)-273(and)-273(D.)-273(L.)-273(Feucht,)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 12.884 0 Td [(Heter)37(ojunctions)-273(and)-273(Metal-Semiconductor)]TJ -12.884 -1.187 Td (Junctions)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 4.165 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(Academic,)-333(New)-296(Y)100(ork,)-333(1972)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.358 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 517.9805 Tm (10)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 514.2387 Tm [(A.)-431(Aranovich,)-431(D.)-431(G.)-431(Golmayo,)-431(A.)-431(L.)-431(Fabrenbruch,)-431(and)-431(R.)-431(H.)-431(Bube,)-431(J.)]TJ T* [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 5.31 0 Td (51)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(4260)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1980)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj -0.0367 Tc 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 315.1814 499.0224 Tm (11)Tj 0 Tc 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 495.2806 Tm [(O.)-333(J.)-333(Marsh)-333(and)-333(C.)-333(R.)-333(V)60(iswanathan,)-333(J.)-278(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 21.41 0 Td (38)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(3135)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1967)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 489.5433 Tm (12)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 485.8016 Tm [(S.)-366(T)70(ehrani,)-366(J.)-366(S.)-366(Kim,)-366(L.)-366(L.)-366(Hench,)-366(C.)-366(M.)-366(V)111(an)-348(V)60(ilet,)-366(and)-366(G.)-366(Bosman,)-366(J.)]TJ T* [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf 5.31 0 Td (58)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 1 0 Td [(,)-333(1562)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 2.915 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (1985)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 470.5852 Tm (13)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 466.8435 Tm [(H.)-421(P)111(.)-421(Hall,)-421(M.)-421(A.)-421(A)92(waah,)-421(and)-421(K.)-421(Das,)-421(Phys.)-421(Status)-421(Solidi)-366(A)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 26.332 0 Td (201)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.4211 Tc 1.5 0 Td [(,5)421(2)421(2)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 0 Tc -27.831 -1.187 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2004)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 451.6271 Tm (14)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 447.8853 Tm [(R.)-264(L.)-264(Hof)18(fman,)-264(J.)-264(F)80(.)-264(W)80(agner,)-264(M.)-264(K.)-264(Jayaraj,)-264(and)-264(J.)-264(T)70(ate,)-264(J.)-210(Appl.)-264(Phys.)]TJ /T1_4 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 28.749 0 Td (90)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 1 0 Td (,)Tj -29.748 -1.187 Td (5763)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2.332 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (2001)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 2 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj 5.4879 0 0 5.4879 314.9801 432.669 Tm (15)Tj 7.9824 0 0 7.9824 320.468 428.9272 Tm [(M.)-320(A.)-320(Lampert)-320(and)-320(P)111(.)-320(Mark,)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 11.971 0 Td [(Curr)37(ent)-320(Injection)-320(in)-320(Solids)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 11.186 0 Td (\001)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td [(Academic,)-320(New)]TJ -23.489 -1.187 Td [(Y)100(ork,)-333(1970)]TJ /T1_2 1 Tf 4.537 0 Td (\002)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 0.333 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_6 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -38.621 42.188 Td [(132104-3)-2150(Chen)]TJ /T1_7 1 Tf 9.098 0 Td [(et)-333(al.)]TJ /T1_6 1 Tf 38.653 0 Td [(Appl.)-333(Phys.)-333(Lett.)]TJ /T1_8 1 Tf 7.724 0 Td (88)Tj /T1_6 1 Tf 1.112 0 Td 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