ࡱ> ;qt6789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnop bjbj  }}ΰO$$)))U*U*U*(}+ 18TU*2=:w(www`Y2)9$^9$9$$$wwƌ0;;;;;;9$$xw)wp;;9$;;;;3| I(X/ws2U*+S~<<2~3(x/$)/\9$9$;;9$9$9$9$9$79$9$9$29$9$9$9$(9$9$9$9$9$9$9$9$9$ #:  f[!hNx 10246f[ S 18110740128  ZS X f[ MO e f[/gf[MO c"}u`|~ gR(WSOqQNNfN[NLuu`|~ۏLQnxċ0OT gHe{tv_'`01997t^ gsQNLuu`|~ gRNNc N_Su`|~ gRR{|Tċ0Ov|~TFhg SbCSt^u`|~ċ0OMEA u`|~TuirY7h'`~Nmf[TEEB 0VEu`|~ gRqQ TR{|CICES I{0ُN!P](W0We0V[T:SWT~_0R[e0'YYpeFhgS4{|u`|~ gR -- O^00eST/ec gR FO N TFhgKNv:SR]_\0 'YYpeu`|~ gRNyOTeSNyONy:S-N N TSONyOSO l gNNsXyf[[bsXN[~vSN0,gxvzǑ(u['`xvzve_ (uWNN[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1] reports that there has been a massive decline of these services in the last 50 years, and more than at any other time in human history. It is further disturbing that this depletion of natural capital is attributable to anthropogenic activities aimed at meeting the increasing needs of a growing population. The restoration and protection of the worlds ecosystems is a responsibility that would involve valuations and trade-offs across different values domains. The first of such valuation studies was conducted in 1997 and reported by Robert Costanza ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2] in the prominent journal NATURE, and involved economic estimates of the value of the ecosystem services. Several other studies have followed with focus on different valuation approaches and different value. This study is an academic contribution to the ecosystem service discourse with an emphasis on shared values of ecosystem services and in particular including the cultural categories which have received less attention in literature. It is expected to aid decision-making processes for biodiversity conservation. 1.2 Background of the Study 1.2.1 Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing Ecosystems refer to the interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) dimensions of the environment together with the factors that affect these interactions. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment, interacting as a functional unit ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. These systems are found both in the terrestrial and aquatic habitats and are important areas of study and research for biologists, ecologists and environmental scientists. The benefits that humans derive from the ecosystems are referred to as Ecosystem Services (ESS). Ecosystem Services are the conditions and processes through which ecosystems, and the biodiversity that makes them up, sustain and fulfill human life ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09453-7","ISBN":"9780124095489","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brauman","given":"Kate","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daily","given":"Gretchen C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"April 2019","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"title":"Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=446daf9f-d372-4416-bb80-de4527db1c45"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[3]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[3]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[3]. There are different systems of classification of ecosystem services but the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment proposes 4 categories namely provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. Provisioning services include food, fuel and other materials derived from the environment and are also referred to as ecosystem goods. Regulating services are those involving the proper functioning of the environment like water purification, carbon sequestration etc. Cultural services refer to benefits that have to do with a sense of wellbeing and aesthetics. Supporting services are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. Some examples include biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, water cycling, and provisioning of habitat. Although the concept has been in existence, it was popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. There have been several attempts at having a more-standardized classification of ESS by some international initiatives like Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in 2005; The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) carried out in 2007 2010 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781849712125","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Pushpam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Pushpam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"publisher":"Routledge","title":"The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3d6c9a3a-d059-482d-9187-18393aedc626"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[4]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[4]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[4]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[4]; The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) established in 2012 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of 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Opinion in Environmental Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and people","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bfeb00f2-f2d9-4f92-ae20-537cf022401a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[5]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[5]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[5]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[5]; and The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) which was proposed in 2009 and later revised in 2013 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"00359351","abstract":"Since more than 50 years, the gold standard in synthetic vascular prostheses has been represented by polyethylene terephtalate (PET, Dacron) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). These polymers perform well as sustitutes of large-caliber vessels, however, their long-term patencies are disappointing in small-caliber applications ( < 6 mm). Thus, patient's own artery or vein remains the material of choice in coronary, crural or microvessel bypass surgery. Synthetic materials fail due to thrombosis and insufficient healing process that consists in highly incomplete endothelial cells coverage and intimal hyperplasia caused by compliance mismatch and hemodynamic imbalance. To find better small-caliber vascular graft, surgical techniques have been modified, novel biomaterials have been investigated and cell and tissue culture technologies have been adopted. Partly or fully tissue-engineered vascular grafts have been produced and experimentally and clinically evaluated with some promising result. The aim of this review is to briefly list currently used and examined vascular graft materials with special attention to cell/biomaterial ineractions, tissue engineering and authors' own experience.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Fabis Consulting","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"January","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"53","title":"Common International Clasification of Ecosystem Services CICES V5. 1. Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22e7e847-aeaf-4153-b511-d923c6d53fd7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[6]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[6]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[6]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[6]. These classification schemes have produced basically similar classifications with minor variations. The concept of ecosystem services concerns its contribution to human wellbeing (HWB). There are varying definitions of human wellbeing ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"If human development is multidimensional then perhaps we need to discuss what we mean by multidimensional: what is a dimension, and what are the multiple dimensions of interest? This paper develops an account of dimensions of human development, and shows its usefulness and its limitationsboth in general and in relation to Amartya Sens capability approach. The second half of the paper surveys other major lists of dimensions that have been published in poverty studies, crosscultural psychology, moral philosophy, quality of life indicators, participatory development, and basic needs, and compares and contrasts them with the account sketched here. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sabina Alkire","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"World Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"181-205","title":"Dimensions of Human Development","type":"article-journal","volume":"30"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=384de6c7-10e5-46eb-bbdd-8e0f7babe14d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[7]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[7]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[7]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[7] but most works agree that it is made up of different components comprising basic material needs for a good life, freedom and choice, health, good social relations, and personal security ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Furthermore, a distinction is sometimes made between determinants of wellbeing and constituents of wellbeing ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"2013206534","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dasgupta","given":"Partha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"publisher":"Oxford University Press","title":"Human Wellbeing and The Natural Environment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a1cd1e9f-7d28-4672-a808-9a6eed8eb81a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[8]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[8]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[8]. Human wellbeing provides a crucial connection between society and nature because it allows environmental issues to be assessed in the context of other factors that influence individuals and groups like culture, infrastructure, etc. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jax","given":"Kurt;","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heink","given":"Ulrich","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-6","title":"Human Well-Being","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=42080771-695c-4cbc-97b9-deaba52989cb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[9]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[9]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[9]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[9]. Just as is the case of social components of ecosystem services, the concept of human wellbeing has been insufficiently researched or elaborated upon in ESS literature. Instead, the few studies on HWB have been restricted to the economic and health aspects. This is further emphasized by the use of GDP as an indicator for human wellbeing a situation considered as too narrow from societal and environmental perspectives ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.02.008","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"This paper investigates the contributions to life satisfaction of four basic types of capital: human, social, built, and natural. Life satisfaction data were available for respondents from fifty-seven countries from the World Values Survey over the decade of the 1990s. Data on proxies for human, social, built, and natural capital were available for 171 countries, using data from the 1998 United Nations Human Development Report [United Nations Development Programme, 1998. Human Development Report 1998. Oxford University Press, New York.], Freedom House (1999) [Freedom House, 1999. News of the Century: Press Freedom 1999. Freedom House, http://freedomhouse.org/pfs99/pfs99.pdf, September 30, 2003.], and Sutton and Costanza (2002) [Sutton, P., Costanza, R., 2002. Global estimates of market and non-market values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation. Ecol. Econ., 41:509-527.]. Regression models show that both the UN Human Development Index (HDI - which includes proxies for both built and human capital) and an index of the value of ecosystem services per km2 (as a proxy for natural capital) are important factors in explaining life satisfaction at the country level and together can explain 72% of the variation in life satisfaction. We did not find a proxy for social capital that was a significant predictor in the regression models. This was due to the inadequacy of available proxy variables for social capital at the national scale and intercorrelation with other variables. We discuss data limitations and a range of other problems with the existing limited data along with methods to overcome some of these limitations to improve future analyses. We propose a National Well-Being Index (NWI) based on our findings and describe a path to improve it over time. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vemuri","given":"Amanda W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"119-133","title":"The role of human, social, built, and natural capital in explaining life satisfaction at the country level: Toward a National Well-Being Index (NWI)","type":"article-journal","volume":"58"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=63de5498-c166-4d46-997b-92c4cbf3f329"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[10]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[10]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[10]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[10] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s13280-012-0256-7","ISBN":"1328001202","ISSN":"00447447","PMID":"22581385","abstract":"Natural ecosystems perform fundamental lifesupport services upon which human civilization depends. However, many people believe that nature provides these services for free and therefore, they are of little or no value. While we do not pay for them, we pay significantly for their loss in terms of wastewater treatment facilities, moratoriums on greenhouse gases, increased illnesses, reduced soil fertility and losses in those images of nature that contribute to our basic happiness. Little is understood about the well-being benefits of the natural environment and its ecosystem services. The interwoven relationship of ecosystems and human well-being is insufficiently acknowledged in the wider philosophical, social, and economic well-being literature. In this article, we discuss an approach to examine human well-being and the interactions of its four primary elements-basic human needs, economic needs, environmental needs, and subjective wellbeing- and ecosystem services. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Summers","given":"J. 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A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ambio","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"327-340","title":"A review of the elements of human well-being with an emphasis on the contribution of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cb606e85-fb1e-47c0-b3b6-3b9b867620c8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[11]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[11]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[11]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[11] . Figure 1 below shows the linkages between different ecosystem services to the components of human wellbeing.  Figure 1: Linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being. Source: ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1] Figure 1 above indicates that all the ecosystem services have links to the different components of human wellbeing at varying degrees of intensity. Supporting services are responsible for the proper functioning of the other services. Hence, its link to human wellbeing occurs indirectly. 1.2.2 Valuations Why Value? In order to effectively manage ecosystems and the services they offer, it is necessary to ascertain and incorporate the value of the service or benefit, to incorporate into policymaking ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of 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Values are conceptualized in different ways involving two approaches a utilitarian approach that focuses strictly on the instrumental values or benefits that human beings derive from the service, and a non-utilitarian approach which considers only the intrinsic and ethical values of the service. Similarly, valuation can be described in different ways as a process of assigning importance ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.007","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"We are increasingly confronted with severe social and economic impacts of environmental degradation all over the world. From a valuation perspective, environmental problems and conflicts originate from trade-offs between values. The urgency and importance to integrate nature's diverse values in decisions and actions stand out more than ever. Valuation, in its broad sense of assigning importance, is inherently part of most decisions on natural resource and land use. Scholars from different traditions -while moving from heuristic interdisciplinary debate to applied transdisciplinary science- now acknowledge the need for combining multiple disciplines and methods to represent the diverse set of values of nature. This growing group of scientists and practitioners share the ambition to explore how combinations of ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation tools can support real-life resource and land use decision-making. The current sustainability challenges and the ineffectiveness of single-value approaches to offer relief demonstrate that continuing along a single path is no option. We advocate for the adherence of a plural valuation culture and its establishment as a common practice, by contesting and complementing ineffective and discriminatory single-value approaches. In policy and decision contexts with a willingness to improve sustainability, integrated valuation approaches can be blended in existing processes, whereas in contexts of power asymmetries or environmental conflicts, integrated valuation can promote the inclusion of diverse values through action research and support the struggle for social and environmental justice. The special issue and this editorial synthesis paper bring together lessons from pioneer case studies and research papers, synthesizing main challenges and setting out priorities for the years to come for the field of integrated valuation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jacobs","given":"Sander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dendoncker","given":"Nicolas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barton","given":"David 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They examine the importance, preferences, needs or demands expressed by people towards nature, and articulate plural values through qualitative and quantitative measures other than money (Chan et al., 2012). They can demonstrate the multi- dimensional nature of human well-being with monetary value being just one aspect of importance amongst others e.g. symbolic, cultural, ecological and spiritual. Non-monetary valuation (NMV) has a long tradition in some fields of environmental policy making (e.g. in delineating protected areas; Kukkala and Moilanen, 2013), and in the last decade different international initiatives have acknowledged its role in ecosystem services (ES) valuation (e.g. the MA, TEEB, IPBES). In spite of the growing policy and scientific interest, the non-monetary valuation of ES does not yet constitute a formalized methodological field (Nieto-Romero et al., 2014). As such, it often applies coarse and arbitrary indicators (Seppelt et al., 2011) and produces results whose accuracy and reliability is hard to judge or difficult to operationalize. To increase the applicability of NMV it is necessary to clarify the boundaries and the terminology of the field, and address considerations with regard to the context-specificity of non-monetary techniques. Problems","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kelemen","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garca-Llorente","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pataki","given":"G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"OpenNESS Reference Book.","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-4","title":"Non-monetary techniques for the valuation of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4df9dd4d-a110-4ecf-9ce6-5a36375fa60e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[13]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[13]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[13]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[13] or expressing a value for a particular good or service in a certain context ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. One of the greatest criticisms of the conventional monetary valuation methods of ecosystem services is its attempt at commodification of the environment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.002","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The goal of this paper is to illuminate the debate concerning the economics of ecosystem services. The sustainability debate focuses on whether or not ecosystem services are essential for human welfare and the existence of ecological thresholds. If ecosystem services are essential, then marginal analysis and monetary valuation are inappropriate tools in the vicinity of thresholds. The justice debate focuses on who is entitled to ecosystem services and the ecosystem structure that generates them. Answers to these questions have profound implications for the choice of suitable economic institutions. The efficiency debate concerns both the goals of economic activity and the mechanisms best suited to achieve those goals. Conventional economists pursue Pareto efficiency and the maximization of monetary value, achieved by integrating ecosystem services into the market framework. Ecological economists and many others pursue the less rigorously defined goal of achieving the highest possible quality of life compatible with the conservation of resilient, healthy ecosystems, achieved by adapting economic institutions to the physical characteristics of ecosystem services. The concept of ecosystem services is a valuable tool for economic analysis, and should not be discarded because of disagreements with particular economists' assumptions regarding sustainability, justice and efficiency. 2012 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farley","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"40-49","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Ecosystem services: The economics debate","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=08ffca0c-dd4e-4004-b9ef-08b1c0ea49f0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085831","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hirons","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comberti","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dunford","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Valuing Cultural Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3a37954e-5618-4af7-b637-76c6e9087bac"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[14,15]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[14,15]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[14,15]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[14,15]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.012","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Commodification of nature refers to the expansion of market trade to previously non-marketed spheres. This is a contested issue both in the scientific literature and in policy deliberations. The aim of this paper is to analytically clarify and distinguish between different purposes and degrees of commodification and to focus attention to the safeguards: the detailed institutional design. We identify six degrees of commodification and find that all ecosystem services policies are associated with some degree of commodification but only the two highest degrees can properly be associated with neoliberalisation of nature. For example, most payments for ecosystem services (PES) are subsidy-like government compensations not based on monetary valuation of nature. Biodiversity offsets can be designed as market schemes or non-market regulations; the cost-effectiveness of markets cannot be assumed. To avoid the confusion around the concept 'market-based instrument' we suggest replacing it with 'economic instruments' since relying on the price signal is not the same thing as relying on the market. We provide a comprehensive framework emphasising the diversity in institutional design, valuation approaches and role of markets. This provides flexibility and options for policy integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in different countries according to their political and cultural context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hahn","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McDermott","given":"Constance","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ituarte-Lima","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schultz","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Green","given":"Tom","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuvendal","given":"Magnus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October 2010","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"74-82","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Purposes and degrees of commodification: Economic instruments for biodiversity and ecosystem services need not rely on markets or monetary valuation","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=114b9227-1e37-4d4a-b2b7-722d8bf542fe"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[16]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[16]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[16]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[16]. Even with the numerous studies carried out on the total economic value of ecosystems, there is still an underestimation of ecosystem services and it is now well-established that it is hard to define the cultural value and navigate the different tools for measuring them ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101079","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"While the concept of ecosystem services which links biodiversity to human wellbeing, is by now well-known, its translation into actual management decisions is still uneven. African Biosphere Reserves, which are to be living labs for sustainable development, embody the idea of synergies between people and nature. Gaining knowledge about the provision, the use and the trends of ecosystem services in these reserves is essential to ensure their global change-proof management. The diversity of rapidly evolving ecosystem services assessment tools requires a systematic and informed selection, in order to ensure that prospective tool users select the most adequate tool, aligned to their needs and context. Based on a Delphi survey of future tool users, and on a review of ecosystem services assessment tools, we propose guidance to users to select the most suited tool based on the context of African Biosphere Reserves, and on tool requirements regarding data input, necessary skills, outputs and types of ecosystem services addressed. The use of the Delphi survey and the focus on African Biosphere Reserves are new elements that contribute to the theory and practice of ecosystem services assessment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hug","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rochette","given":"A. 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Unfortunately, the social and cultural dimensions of the values of these Ecosystem services have often been relegated and their importance barely understood primarily because they are so hard to measure ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. The emerging contribution of this next-generation evaluation tool to other fields, such as environmental values, development and environmental sustainable development, shared values, business, education and organisational change is outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Field trials of a novel toolkit for evaluating 'intangible' values-related dimensions of projects","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1d6d98f-98f6-4ddf-9d94-220230e3100e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[18]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[18]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[18]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[18]. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/26395916.2019.1598499","ISSN":"26395916","abstract":"Social-ecological systems in the Mediterranean Basin are characterised by high biodiversity and a prolonged cultural influence, leading to the co-evolution of these systems. The unique characteristics of Mediterranean social-ecological systems, current pressures leading to a decline in ecosystem services, and the need for coordinated action are recognised by policies promoting the protection and sustainable use of the regions heritage. Ecosystem assessments provide valuable information on the capacity of the Mediterranean Basin to ensure the well-being of its population. However, most assessments simplify the complexity of these systems, which may lead to inaccurate ecosystem services supply and flow estimations. This paper uses the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model to guide an expert consultation that identifies the key characteristics of the Mediterranean social-ecological systems and analyses how these should be included in ecosystem assessments. Data collection was carried out through expert consultation with ecosystem services researchers. Multiple sources of complexity were identified, including the relationship between historical human activities, biodiversity spatio-temporal patterns, as well as the seasonal and long-term variability in ecosystem services. The importance of incorporating this complexity in ecosystem assessments for evidence-based decision-making is identified, suggesting that there is a need to adapt assessment approaches for the Mediterranean Basin social-ecological systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Balzan","given":"Mario","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pinheiro","given":"Ana Martins","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mascarenhas","given":"Andr","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morn-Ordez","given":"Alejandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ruiz-Frau","given":"Ana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carvalho-Santos","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vogiatzakis","given":"Ioannis N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arends","given":"Jeroen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Santana-Garcon","given":"Julia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Roces-Daz","given":"Jos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brotons","given":"Llus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Campagne","given":"C. 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The importance of incorporating this complexity in ecosystem assessments for evidence-based decision-making is identified, suggesting that there is a need to adapt assessment approaches at different spatio-temporal scales ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. In this research, we adopted a values-based approach - the WeValue approach - intuitively designed originally, and developed to aid civil society groups elicit in their own bespoke statements what is meaningful and worthwhile to them as a community of practice ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/097340821000400219","ISSN":"0973-4082","abstract":"This descriptive report outlines an innovative project in which Earth Charter International is actively involved. The project aims to develop approaches, indicators and tools for Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to be able to measure values-based aspects and impacts of their work at the project level. Many CSOs have an intuitive feeling that their projects are more successful when there is a resonance of values with those involved; this project aims to make such aspects tangible, measurable and transferable to other CSOs. The two year, EU-funded project called ESDinds is characterised by a collaborative partnership between a geographically and culturally diverse consortium consisting of four CSOs (including the Earth Charter International Secretariat) and two universities. The research design takes an iterative, grounded research approach to indicator development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Alicia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Education for Sustainable Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"297-305","title":"The Earth Charter and the ESDinds Initiative","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0bcd7429-1b80-4738-a6a3-4d91f747e597"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[20]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[20]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[20]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[20] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1476750312467833","ISSN":"17412617","abstract":"A collaborative partnership is developing a values-based indicator framework for use by civil society organizations (CSOs). A key sub-study on the relevance and usability of such indicators was carried out through an action research process with a CSO and it was found that: 1) it was, indeed, possible to develop useful and relevant indicators for the presence of CSO values; 2) it was not useful to tie each indicator to only one value; 3) the indicators were more 'universal' than the values for which they had been derived; 4) these indicators were not considered valid by the user CSO without being 'localized'; 5) the use of our values-based framework caused substantive transformational learning within this CSO. The importance of these findings to studies on values and to design issues central to formal values-based measurement work, such as face validity and catalytic validity, is drawn out. The principles of emancipatory action research used are shown to be key to the results, which themselves form foundational elements that led to key and significant understandings and modifications of the values-based framework. The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luna","given":"Cardiela Amzcua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Action Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"8-30","title":"Can values be measured? Significant contributions from a small civil society organization through action research","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2388166e-f1b9-40ac-a618-725c0f857729"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[21]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[21]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[21]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[21]. The bespoke statements when built into frameworks were then used in the development of measurable local indicators for the groups ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. 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A variant of it the WeValue InSitu process reported in ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"This book explores the complex problem of how to measure the success of social organisations, projects and activities. Whether improving a local situation, organizing a campaign around sustainability, or assessing the intangible effects of perceived social benefits, currently we have only have a very limited range of mechanisms for judging effectiveness. On the one hand, a market-driven logic demands that qualitative perceptions and experiences are quantified into simplified and numerically defined variables. On the other, community projects are left un-assessed, as one-off outcomes of local and situated processes that must somehow automatically make things better. For academics, researchers and other professionals working in this field this has resulted in the deep frustration of not being able to assess the things that are most centrally important: higher human values such as integrity, trust, respect, equality and social justice. Measuring Intangible Values argues that we can make shared social valuesand their measurement-central to decisions about improving civil society. But because these social values are intangible, we need to develop ways of eliciting and validating them at the local level that can capture peoples shared meanings across multiple goals and perspectives. We need to develop mechanisms for evaluating whether these values are met that use rigorous but also relevant measures. And we need to develop ways of doing this that are scalable, transferable and comparable across different kinds of organisations and fields of activity. This book will be valuable for researchers in all social science disciplines which touch on ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"Routledge","title":"Measuring Intangible Values: Rethinking How to Evaluate Socially Beneficial Actions.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=24883576-d5ca-434f-af98-b935a25bb867"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[22]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[22]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[22]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[22]and conceptualized as the WeValue InSitu crystallization process in ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23] - was trialed and seen to be successful in the development of indicators in the sub-field of Climate Change Adaptation for local adaptation planning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2021.1924109","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen","given":"Sylvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da97ec74-cf19-4ccc-bcf8-b98a427177b9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[24]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[24]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[24]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[24], and sustainable land remediation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","PMID":"31818601","abstract":"Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Elijah C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"Chike C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"135045","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6ca79dae-f20d-49f9-a2d6-d25c05586ddb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23,25]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23,25]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23,25]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23,25], hence its adoption for this study. This study proposes that this WeValue InSitu approach would be useful in eliciting from people about what they value about their ecosystems. These ideas can potentially be made into indicators for cultural valuation, and integrated into ESS valuation and decision-making tools, by governments and other policy makers. This approach has been seen in other sustainability-related fields as land remediation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26]and local adaptation plans ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[27]. The role and purpose of indicators is to summarize, synthesize or aggregate data and information in a format that is understandable for decision-makers ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.025","ISSN":"1470160X","abstract":"There is growing interests among policy-makers in applying ecosystem services concepts to inform strategies that provide for peoples' needs while sustaining ecosystems and maintaining biodiversity. Since many policy dialogs and decisions rely on metrics and indicators to communicate concise and relevant information, an assessment of ecosystem service indicators can help identify gaps hindering policy-makers from more fully adopting ecosystem service approaches. In this study, we present an evaluation of ecosystem service indicators compiled from over 20 ecosystem assessments conducted at multiple scales and many countries. Based on criteria used to assess the compiled indicators, the strengths and weaknesses of indicators for different ecosystem services are explored, and possible reasons for these patterns examined. We then outline some priority steps for identifying and applying indicators to improve the ability of policy-makers to more fully mainstream ecosystem service approaches. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Layke","given":"Christian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mapendembe","given":"Abisha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brown","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walpole","given":"Matt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Winn","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Indicators","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"77-87","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Indicators from the global and sub-global Millennium Ecosystem Assessments: An analysis and next steps","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=30fed231-8495-4198-bb8f-c352acc29328"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[28]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[28]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[28]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[28]. Hence, the indicators formed from WeValue InSitu are expected to convey complex realities of social values of ESS to specific decision contexts, and as such embody a way to transfer knowledge from science to policy. 1.2.3 The Challenge of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00280-X","ISBN":"1970491248","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"This paper reports an attempt to apply the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) in rural China. The CVM was used to obtain estimates of willingness to pay for restoring Ejina ecosystem services. In our survey, we used a payment card format and a 12-page survey booklet with maps depicting the reasons why Ejina ecosystem deteriorated, the means by which ecosystem services could be restored from their current level. We used an in-person interview along with the survey booklet. We employed a parametric model to estimate the benefits of restoring Ejina ecosystem. Results from 700 in-person interviews indicate that households would pay an average of 19.37 (RMB) per year with 20.78 per household for the main river area, and 16.41 per household for the rest of Hei basin. The aggregate benefit to residents of the Hei basin is 8.84 million annually for 20 years. Taking into account an environmental discount rate calculated by using respondent's equivalent utility between periodical payments and lump sum payments, the present value of aggregate benefit of restoring Ejina ecosystem is 55.33 million. These results suggest that the general public in Hei Valley would be willing to pay to restore the Ejina ecosystem, although this amount is substantially less than the estimated costs of restoration. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhongmin","given":"Xu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guodong","given":"Cheng","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhiqiang","given":"Zhang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhiyong","given":"Su","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Loomis","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"345-358","title":"Applying contingent valuation in China to measure the total economic value of restoring ecosystem services in Ejina region","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9e34e442-9326-49a0-a615-0a6e0b4eaceb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[29]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[29]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[29]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[29], despite the immense value of ESS to society, no relevant market exists where these values are expressed. Although widely recognized, the benefits provided by many natural ecosystems are still poorly understood, quantified and underappreciated ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/00219266.2018.1447005","ISSN":"0021-9266","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wyner","given":"Yael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blatt","given":"Erica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Biological Education","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-22","publisher":"Routledge","title":"Connecting ecology to daily life : how students and teachers relate food webs to the food they eat","type":"article-journal","volume":"9266"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4929136e-f634-43e5-a154-55ecf89f9714"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[30]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[30]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[30]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[30]. As a result, in spite of the crucial ecological, cultural, and economic importance of these ESS, ecosystems are continually deteriorating worldwide as the value of ecosystems to human welfare is still underestimated and the ES are not, or are only partly, captured in conventional market economics ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/21513732.2011.598134","ISSN":"21513740","abstract":"In the western Himalayan region (Uttarakhand State in India), oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the two major forest ecosystems. Because of their difference in functionality, this study was aimed at the quantification and valuation of provisioning and regulating services provided by the oak and pine forests and to assess the importance to the local people in setting the forest conservation priorities. This study was carried out in 11 villages (665 households) using a structured questionnaire. The villages were situated in the vicinity of the oak and pine forests and covered a wide range of altitudes and human and livestock populations in the western Himalayan region. The study revealed that oak forests provide a greater variety of provisioning services as compared to pine forests. Provisioning services such as fuelwood, fodder, and natural fertilizers (leaf litter) provided by oak forests (Rs. 5676/person/year) were more valuable than those provided by pine forests (Rs. 4640/person/year). Stakeholder perceptions of the regulating services of oak forests, such as maintenance of soil fertility, soil moisture retention, prevention of soil erosion, air and water purification, was also more positive than for pine forests. However, more detailed quantitative studies on the ecosystem services of these forests are required to better understand their contribution to human well-being in the region and to design appropriate conservation strategies. 2011 Taylor & Francis.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Joshi","given":"Gunjan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Negi","given":"Girish C.S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"2-11","title":"Quantification and valuation of forest ecosystem services in the western Himalayan region of India","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=44d7dd90-e52b-4814-b282-c7f2e363df81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[31]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[31]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[31]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[31]. It is economically foolish that human culture has an important influence on how forests and other ecosystem goods are utilized, yet its influence on ecosystem service (ES) use and valuation remains underexplored ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10745-019-00115-6","ISSN":"15729915","abstract":"The forests of the Albertine Rift are known for their high biodiversity and the important ecosystem services they provide to millions of inhabitants. However, their conservation and the maintenance of ecosystem service delivery is a challenge, particularly in the Democratic Republic of theCongo. Our research investigates how livelihood strategy and ethnicity affects local perceptions of forest ecosystem services. We collected data through 25 focus-group discussions in villages from distinct ethnic groups, including farmers (Tembo, Shi, and Nyindu) and hunter-gatherers (Twa). Twa identify more food-provisioning services and rank bush meat and honey as the most important. They also show stronger place attachment to the forest than the farmers, who value other ecosystem services, but all rank microclimate regulation as the most important. Our findings help assess ecosystem services trade-offs, highlight the important impacts of restricted access to forests resources for Twa, and point to the need for developing alternative livelihood strategies for these communities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cuni-Sanchez","given":"Aida","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Imani","given":"Gerard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bulonvu","given":"Franklin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Batumike","given":"Rodrigue","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baruka","given":"Grace","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burgess","given":"Neil D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klein","given":"Julia A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marchant","given":"Rob","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Human Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"839-853","publisher":"Human Ecology","title":"Social Perceptions of Forest Ecosystem Services in the Democratic Republic of Congo","type":"article-journal","volume":"47"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84ae2046-76dc-47bf-9e72-4fa0cda9fbf1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[32]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[32]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[32]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[32]. There is therefore a need to carry out more-complete valuation of ESS without omitting the cultural dimensions of value. 1.2.4 Integrating indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) There are increasing numbers of statements in the conclusions of ESS studies on the importance of eliciting shared values through deliberations by local actors and stakeholders instead of using only expert-led opinions in the valuations of ecosystems ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11269-019-02316-6","ISSN":"15731650","abstract":"Stakeholder participation is a requirement for environmental decision-making in the European Union. Despite this, numerous instances can be seen in water governance in which stakeholders feel undervalued and unheard, thereby creating unfavourable procedural outcomes, resistance and conflict. In this article, we propose that a process of early-stage deliberation constructed around the values of the stakeholders involved can reduce, and even prevent such conflicts. We suggest that if values that stakeholders perceive as relevant can be identified and discussed as part of the deliberation process then (1) stakeholder preferences can change, and (2) participants can develop a mutual understanding of each others values and perspectives. To explore these propositions, facilitated workshops were conducted at two Dutch water institutes, based around the topics of land subsidence and the pharmaceutical contamination of water systems. Participants deliberated on values that they considered relevant. The results suggest that mutual understanding of stakeholders perspectives increases as a result of value-based deliberation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pigmans","given":"Klara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aldewereld","given":"Huib","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dignum","given":"Virginia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Doorn","given":"Neelke","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Water Resources Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"12","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"4067-4085","title":"The Role of Value Deliberation to Improve Stakeholder Participation in Issues of Water Governance","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c03c3dfa-959f-40dd-980a-09a348c1ba38"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[33]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[33]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[33]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[33]. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34] insist that shared values synthesized through deliberative mechanisms are different, more robust and more resilient than those obtained through arithmetically aggregating the plural values of diverse individuals. He suggested that future research should explore in further detail how different types of processes elicit or construct different types of values, and how this might enhance the reflection of subtle, transcendental, cultural, and communal values in contextual values and value-indicators. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-12253-260224","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are heralded as an approach that communicates across disciplines and between researchers and resource managers, encouraging more environmentally sustainable human behavior. However, most studies presuppose that values are ontologically distinct from ecosystem services without examining what this framing enables and occludes about human and other-than-human relations. Through a reflexive research approach, we conduct a conventional photo elicitation ES survey among four groups in Moorea, French Polynesia, while also eliciting respondents evaluations of the survey method, and documenting the method in action as participants interacted with it. Photo elicitation results suggest that fishers valued the subsistence fishery while scientists favored habitats, yet all stakeholders were concerned about the role of economic activities in contributing to environmental degradation. Yet, survey participants had difficulties with interpreting the photos of ecosystem services as intended, an indication that the ES framework commits to a nature-culture dualism and displaces other ways of ordering human and other-than-human relations, particularly those present throughout the Global South. We argue that ecosystem services research is best treated as a situated practice where researcher and research participants jointly produce intended and unintended results and outcomes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Chelsea E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Ecosystems services research in action: Reflexively valuing environments in the south pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=48df5299-bd9f-43da-9124-6be37153e5e2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[35]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[35]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[35]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[35] also advocate for the need to ensure that valuation of ecosystem services are locatable and accountable. This thesis aims to accomplish that, using the WeValue InSitu process. 1.3 Problem Statement There has been a more substantial and largely irreversible decline in the world's ecosystem services within the last 50 years than at any other time in known human history and this could grow significantly worse in the next half century unless drastic measures are taken ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The reason is simple while there has been a growing rise in demand for ecosystem services, a commensurate rise in supply is lacking, leading to unsustainable consumption of the worlds ecosystem goods and services. Unfortunately, much of the earlier studies carried out to ascertain the value of the worlds ecosystem services utilized solely economic estimates ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2] - a step that commodified the worlds natural capital and completely excluded other forms of value(s) such as the shared social and cultural values ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/0309133311421708","ISSN":"03091333","abstract":"In the last decade a growing number of environmental scientists have advocated economic valuation of ecosystem services as a pragmatic short-term strategy to communicate the value of biodiversity in a language that reflects dominant political and economic views. This paper revisits the controversy on economic valuation of ecosystem services in the light of two aspects that are of ten neglected in ongoing debates. First, the role of the particular institutional setup in which environmental policy and governance is currently embedded in shaping valuation outcomes. Second, the broader economic and sociopolitical processes that have governed the expansion of pricing into previously non-marketed areas of the environment. Our analysis suggests that within the institutional setup and broader sociopolitical processes that have become prominent since the late 1980s economic valuation is likely to pave the way for the commodification of ecosystem services with potentially counterproductive effects in the long term for biodiversity conservation and equity of access to ecosystem services benefits. The Author(s) 2011.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ruiz-Prez","given":"Manuel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Progress in Physical Geography","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"613-628","title":"Economic valuation and the commodification of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=779c502b-49e4-41c2-989a-9169e3fed986"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.008","ISSN":"09593780","abstract":"This paper provides a critique of the cost-benefit analysis tool for ecosystem services policy evaluation. We argue that when applied to public ecosystem services, the theoretical assumptions that underlie economic valuation and cost-benefit analysis fail to fully acknowledge the multiple dimensions of human well-being, the plural forms of value articulation, the complex nature of ecosystems, the distributional biases of markets and the fairness implications of spatio-temporal framing. The current monistic utilitarian approach to ecosystem services policy evaluation should therefore be replaced by a pluralist framework composed of a heterogeneous set of value-articulating instruments that are appropriate to the specific context within which decision-making takes place. It is argued that within this pluralist framework cost-benefit analysis may remain an appropriate tool to examine the contingent trade-offs of local policies that have limited impacts on ecosystems and their services. 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wegner","given":"Giulia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"492-504","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for human well-being: A multidisciplinary critique","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=824538c2-1e6c-4a47-9a40-8b0863e40177"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[36,37]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[36,37]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[36,37]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[36,37]. Among the different classifications of ecosystem services developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are the least studied and least understood. Admittedly, cultural ecosystem services are inherently problematic in that they are intangible, non-material and difficult to measure ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.013","ISSN":"1470160X","abstract":"Over millennia human well-being has benefited from ecosystems, not only through tangible goods, but also through intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem services. Despite growing research over the last decade, cultural services assessment still remains arbitrary and is largely limited to marketable services such as tourism. Evident difficulties in standardizing definitions and measurements have challenged cultural services accounting in decision making processes. However, the imminent formation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services offers an opportunity to counterbalance this misrepresentation by establishing a scientific basis for consistently assessing cultural services. In that regard, the current review intends to facilitate discussion investigating the current state of cultural services accounting by offering an appraisal of existing evidence regarding cultural services indicator quality. The review builds on scientifically recognized frameworks to develop a holistic understanding of how cultural services indicators are conceived within ecosystem services research. Among the measures found, benefit indicators were most frequently used for assessing inspirational, educational and recreational services. A broad variety of methods for accounting cultural services was found, mainly due to the varied aims of the studies. Most of the cultural services indicators were deficient concerning their clarity of definitions, purposes and understanding of the processes to be measured and referring only marginally to tradeoffs and bundles with other services. Only 17% performed multitemporal assessments and 23% used spatially explicit information. It seems that indicator quality could be greatly enhanced by investing more effort toward involving relevant stakeholders in conceptualization and communication phases, using participatory mapping tools to enhance visibility. 2013 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernndez-Morcillo","given":"Mnica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plieninger","given":"Tobias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bieling","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Indicators","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"434-444","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"An empirical review of cultural ecosystem service indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f98ddd3-7687-4fc5-870c-bfe5a2f2b8d5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[38]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[38]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[38]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[38]. The problematic nature of cultural ecosystem services is that they are rooted in culture and cannot be fully understood if the focus is just on environment knowledge. Hence, recent literature is increasingly calling for the recognition that the values of ecosystem services are relational, context-dependent, and culturally constructed, and need to be operationalized as such ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1525002113","ISSN":"10916490","PMID":"26862158","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benessaiah","given":"Karina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapman","given":"Mollie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannahs","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jax","given":"Kurt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luck","given":"Gary W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muraca","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norton","given":"Bryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ott","given":"Konrad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tadaki","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taggart","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"Nancy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1462-1465","title":"Why protect nature? 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This paper examines whether relational values are distinct from other value orientation and have potential to alleviate the intrinsic-instrumental debate. To test this possibility, we sought to operationalize the con- structrelational valuesby developing six relational statements. We ask: 1) Do the indi- vidual statements used to characterize relational values demonstrate internal coherence as either a single or multi-dimensional construct? 2) Do relational value statements (including those strongly stated) resonate with diverse populations? 3) Do people respond to relational value statements in a consistently different way than NEP scale statements? Data for this work is drawn from an online panel of residents of northeastern US (n= 400), as well as a sample of Costa Rican farmers (n= 253) and tourists in Costa Rica (n= 260). Results indi- cate relational values are distinct as a construct when compared to the NEP.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olmsted","given":"Paige","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M. 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While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledgepolicy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. 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approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"26-27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ca4ec789-ceb3-4964-8d7e-8949d46f37af"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[3941]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[3941]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[3941]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[3941]. This would involve the integration of local knowledge and perspectives in local and even regional assessments ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.aap8826","ISSN":"10959203","PMID":"29348221","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stenseke","given":"Marie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Robert T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molnr","given":"Zsolt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hill","given":"Rosemary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baste","given":"Ivar A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brauman","given":"Kate A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Polasky","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lonsdale","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larigauderie","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leadley","given":"Paul W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oudenhoven","given":"Alexander P.E.","non-dropping-particle":"Van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plaat","given":"Felice","non-dropping-particle":"Van Der","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schrter","given":"Matthias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aumeeruddy-Thomas","given":"Yildiz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bukvareva","given":"Elena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Demissew","given":"Sebsebe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Erpul","given":"Gunay","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Failler","given":"Pierre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guerra","given":"Carlos A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hewitt","given":"Chad L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Keune","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lindley","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shirayama","given":"Yoshihisa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6373","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"270-272","title":"Assessing natures contributions to people: Recognizing culture, and diverse sources of knowledge, can improve assessments","type":"article-journal","volume":"359"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=66d90b7d-be29-4766-b35d-009f18a26dbd"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3897/oneeco.3.e24720","ISSN":"23678194","abstract":"A recent policy forum article in Science by Daz et al. (2018) introduces natures contributions to people (NCP) as an innovative approach to inform policy and decisionmaking. According to the authors, the NCP concept extends beyond the notion of ecosystem services by incorporating a more inclusive and interdisciplinary approach. Here this claim is challenged. Based on our experiences in Europe, we argue that the science, policy and practice of ecosystem services have progressed much beyond a mere economic and ecological rationale.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maes","given":"Joachim","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burkhard","given":"Benjamin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Geneletti","given":"Davide","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"One Ecosystem","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Ecosystem services are inclusive and deliver multiple values. A comment on the concept of natures contributions to people","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3ada8a9a-a372-4ee5-bc29-cc339cd0b1b5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[42,43]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[42,43]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[42,43]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[42,43]; requiring that the authentic, shared and social values of the local people be captured through an unbiased mechanism that does not attempt to separate culture and nature but which captures a locally accountable envelope of shared values. This thesis would therefore focus on solving the problem the non-monetary valuation of ecosystems services by generating and identifying situated shared and social values of ecosystem services of local groups in a way that it is understood within the context of their wider human values. 1.4 Purpose of the Study This is a qualitative research investigation to facilitate the elicitation and articulation of the shared values of different groups in a community, so that their influence on the valuation of ecosystem services can be determined more systematically. The specific objectives of this study are To produce evidence of situated values about ecosystem services, (i.e. situated within the wider shared values of the group) To develop a systematic non-biased methodology for the elicitation of cultural values of Ecosystem Services. To apply the method to determine the cultural values of ecosystem services of different stakeholder groups in Southeast Nigeria. To demonstrate the authenticity of the shared values about ESS elicited through the process. To demonstrate the specific usefulness of the standard WeValue deliberation process to making local shared values of ESS explicit. 1.5 Research Questions This study aims to answer the following questions Do ESS values exist within the values envelopes of non-environmental groups? Can this ESS values be successfully elicited without nudging? Do the elicited ESS values effectively fit into the classification categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment? Are the elicited values authentic and can their authenticity be proven? Is the WeValue InSitu process effective in the integrated valuation of ecosystem services? 1.6 Conceptual Framework The framework used in this study is a hybrid that combines the values-based approach of the WeValue InSitu crystallization process (WVICP) and the analytical framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). The WVICP is a toolkit developed to assess the previously intangible, values-related aspects of projects and activities carried out by civil society organizations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. The emerging contribution of this next-generation evaluation tool to other fields, such as environmental values, development and environmental sustainable development, shared values, business, education and organisational change is outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Field trials of a novel toolkit for evaluating 'intangible' values-related dimensions of projects","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1d6d98f-98f6-4ddf-9d94-220230e3100e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[18]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[18]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[18]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[18] but it has been proved to be a useful application in other fields such as sustainable land remediation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26], climate change ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[27] and even transformative learning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125343","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is considered a cornerstone for advances in sustainability, because transformative shifts in perspective will be necessary for humankind to transition towards it. The theory of transformative learning (TL) has been considered in hundreds of applied studies in diverse fields, yet it remains descriptive and unable to prescribe which conditions and processes could reliably produce TL outcomes. Here an in-depth case study is used to investigate a candidate process from another field and unknown to TL researchers (called WeValue InSitu) which has been reported to regularly produce some forms of informally denoted transformative outcomes. The goal is to determine if these formally qualify, because this would imply the standard WeValue InSitu process could be a reliable way to produce, and investigate, TL and TL outcomes (TLOs). Using grounded thematic open-coding of full transcripts of three sets of post-event interviews, compared against statements made prior to the event, it is shown unambiguously that four outcomes have formal TL nature, as shifts in meaning schemes, one of which developed into a wider shift of meaning perspective over three weeks. These findings indicate that the WeValue InSitu process can likely produce TLOs regularly and identifiably, offering a pedagogical laboratory which can be used for systematic studies to link its sub-processes in detail to the TL outcomes it produces, allowing step-wise progress in theory-building. It also indicates that WeValue InSitu can be prescriptively applied, within its limitations such as maximum group sizes and specialist facilitators, to trigger TL in local groups of villagers, governance officers, environmental enthusiasts, community-based organizations and/or government committees, to become more focused and self-aware and more mobilized towards sustainability actions. This study thus opens the door to new research agenda in theory-building and applications of TL towards sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dike","given":"Felix O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Firoozmand","given":"Firooz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"125343","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Are those really transformative learning outcomes? Validating the relevance of a reliable process","type":"article-journal","volume":"285"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=821e8db3-125d-4917-8ab0-bf6f075cedb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[44]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[44]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[44]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[44]. The process is able to elicit and crystallize the intangible shared values of a group and make it readily available for input into any other framework. Values, in this study, are statements of the topmost important things as perceived by a group. The WVCIP is able to produce envelopes of shared social values which give a much needed cultural perspective and context to any plans ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2021.1924109","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen","given":"Sylvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da97ec74-cf19-4ccc-bcf8-b98a427177b9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[24]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[24]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[24]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[24]. The elicited values are further analyzed using the Millennium classification system. This enables each values statement to be examined for details of ecosystem services. The MEA was commissioned and carried out between 2001 and 2005 with the aim of assessing ecosystem change and its consequence on human wellbeing. This framework provides the foundation for other systems like The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) and The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). The MEA has been used in various studies notably in the UK (UK NEA UK National Ecosystem Assessment) where it was used to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the natural environment in the UK and a new way of estimating the national wealth ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"number-of-pages":"1 - 85","publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"UK National Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis of the Key Findings","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a63a0fde-cfa2-4eb1-88ac-7eafd1c92dad"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[45]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[45]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[45]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[45]. Below is a diagrammatic representation of the conceptual framework used in this study.  Figure 2: The conceptual framework for this study 1.7 Nature of the Study This study is an exploratory research investigation of the usefulness of the WeValue InSitu process in eliciting and identifying the cultural values of ecosystem services and the situatedness of these values within the wider values framework of the group. The study was carried out using qualitative methods. Qualitative research makes use of unstructured, contextual and non-numeric data to produce deep understanding of phenomena usually within the natural settings of the participants ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/591613","ISSN":"00071315","abstract":"The Second Edition of this bestselling text offers students and first-time researchers invaluable guidance on the practice of qualitative social research. Throughout the author addresses the key issues which need to be identified and resolved in the qualitative research process, and through which researchers develop essential skills in qualitative research. The book highlights the `difficult questions' that researchers should get into the habit of asking themselves in the course of doing qualitative research, and outlines the implications of the different ways of responding to these questions. The new edition of Qualitative Researching has been fully revised and updated with expanded coverage of observation, documents, visual data, CAQDAS, and writing qualitative research. The text bridges the gap between `cookbook' approaches to qualitative research and abstract methodogical approaches. Helping the reader to move comfortably between principle and practice, this text has proved to be an invaluable introduction to qualitative research, and a useful aid to accomplished qualitative research practice across the social sciences.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mason","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"Second Edi","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"number-of-pages":"223","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publisher-place":"London","title":"Qualitative Researching","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=08f2dff8-7e76-49a9-a970-a6454160f54f"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781412965569","ISSN":"07322992","abstract":"This book advances a framework, a process, and compositional approaches for designing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research in the human and social sciences. Increased interest in and use of qualitative research, the emergence of mixed methods approaches, and continuing use of the traditional forms of quantitative designs have created a need for this book's unique comparison of the three approaches to inquiry. This comparison begins with preliminary consideration of philosophical assumptions for all three approaches, a review of the literature, an assessment of the use of theory in research designs, and reflections about the importance of writing and ethics in scholarly inquiry. The book then addresses the key elements of the process of research: writing an introduction, stating a purpose for the study, identifying research questions and hypotheses, and advancing methods and procedures for data collection and analysis. At each step in this process, the reader is taken through qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. The cover illustration depicts a mandala, a Hindu or Buddhist symbol of the universe. Creation of a mandala, much like creation of a research design, requires looking from the vantage point of a framework, an overall design, as well as focused attention on the detail-a mandala made of sand can take days to create because of the precise positioning of the pieces, which sometimes are individual grains of sand. The mandala also shows the interrelatedness of the parts of the whole, again reflecting research design, in which each element contributes to and influences the shape of a complete study.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creswell","given":"J W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"Third Edit","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"number-of-pages":"94-102","publisher":"SAGE Publications","title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","type":"book","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3a813710-618e-4e9b-a39b-f05496863952"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[46,47]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[46,47]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[46,47]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[46,47]. Although qualitative research methods have been criticized by some as lacking rigour and being biased ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5688/aj7408141","ISSN":"15536467","PMID":"21179252","abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to help authors to think about ways to present qualitative research papers in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. It also discusses methods for reviewers to assess the rigour, quality, and usefulness of qualitative research. Examples of different ways to present data from interviews, observations, and focus groups are included. The paper concludes with guidance for publishing qualitative research and a checklist for authors and reviewers.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anderson","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Presenting and evaluating qualitative research","type":"article-journal","volume":"74"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6d90e07c-082b-46f7-913c-9bb3c04cbf07"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[48]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[48]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[48]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[48], it is considered a complementary method that helps to explore perplexing and complicated situations and produce deeper meanings to 'how', 'what' and 'why' questions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2106/JBJS.H.01631","ISSN":"00219355","PMID":"19411508","abstract":"Qualitative research is a useful approach to explore perplexing or complicated clinical situations. Since 1996, at least fifteen qualitative studies in the area of total knee replacement alone were found. Qualitative studies overcome the limits of quantitative work because they can explicate deeper meaning and complexity associated with questions such as why patients decline joint replacement surgery, why they do not adhere to pain medication and exercise regimens, how they manage in the postoperative period, and why providers do not always provide evidence-based care. In this paper, we review the role of qualitative methods in orthopaedic research, using knee osteoarthritis as an illustrative example. Qualitative research questions tend to be inductive, and the stance of the investigator is relevant and explicitly acknowledged. Qualitative methodologies include grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography and involve gathering opinions and text from individuals or focus groups. The methods are rigorous and take training and time to apply. Analysis of the textual data typically proceeds with the identification, coding, and categorization of patterns in the data for the purpose of generating concepts from within the data. With use of analytic techniques, researchers strive to explain the findings; questions are asked to tease out different levels of meaning, identify new concepts and themes, and permit a deeper interpretation and understanding. Orthopaedic practitioners should consider the use of qualitative research as a tool for exploring the meaning and complexities behind some of the perplexing phenomena that they observe in research findings and clinical practice. Copyright 2009 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beaton","given":"Dorcas E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Clark","given":"Jocalyn P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"SUPPL. 3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"107-112","title":"Qualitative research: A review of methods with use of examples from the total knee replacement literature","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a5d7c300-afb4-4d62-be44-92cadb7f8e55"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/jcad.12364","ISSN":"15566676","abstract":"Counseling researchers often use qualitative research methods to explore phenomena. In particular, lived experience designs seek to answer how, what, and why questions to develop meaning or theory from the context and the people who lived the phenomenon. We review four lived experience traditions: phenomenology, consensual qualitative research, narrative inquiry, and case study. The appropriateness of these methods for counseling research and guidelines for design are presented. Recommendations for reporting coherence among the essential elements of a qualitative design are discussed to strengthen counseling researchers' adherence to exemplary practices.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prosek","given":"Elizabeth A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gibson","given":"Donna M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Counseling and Development","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"167-177","title":"Promoting Rigorous Research by Examining Lived Experiences: A Review of Four Qualitative Traditions","type":"article-journal","volume":"99"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=26f15c9c-7f81-468b-8f7b-59aae6ffad72"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[49,50]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[49,50]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[49,50]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[49,50]. Since this study required obtaining the perceptions and opinions of participants regarding their values - most of which cannot be expressed in terms of numbers - it was necessary to adopt a qualitative methodology that involved deliberations, focus group discussions and other standard methods of analyzing and interpreting qualitative data. A recent study describes qualitative research as being useful in understanding how knowledge and experience are situated, co-constructed and historically and socially located. This is typical of lived-experience designs which help to develop meaning or theory from the context of the people who have undergone the experience ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/jcad.12364","ISSN":"15566676","abstract":"Counseling researchers often use qualitative research methods to explore phenomena. In particular, lived experience designs seek to answer how, what, and why questions to develop meaning or theory from the context and the people who lived the phenomenon. We review four lived experience traditions: phenomenology, consensual qualitative research, narrative inquiry, and case study. The appropriateness of these methods for counseling research and guidelines for design are presented. Recommendations for reporting coherence among the essential elements of a qualitative design are discussed to strengthen counseling researchers' adherence to exemplary practices.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prosek","given":"Elizabeth A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gibson","given":"Donna M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Counseling and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"167-177","title":"Promoting Rigorous Research by Examining Lived Experiences: A Review of Four Qualitative Traditions","type":"article-journal","volume":"99"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=26f15c9c-7f81-468b-8f7b-59aae6ffad72"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[50]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[50]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[50]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[50]. Consequently, the validity of this research is neither dependent on sampling validity nor statistical significance, but rather on other components of measurement validity. It is important to note that whereas statistical significance represents measurement validity in the natural and physical sciences, it is quite different in social practice research where validity measurement contains different components such as the quality of an indicator that makes it seem a reasonable measure of some variable (face validity); the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within a concept (content validity); the appropriateness of the chosen indices to represent their chosen typology factors (criterion validity) etc ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781133050094","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Babbie","given":"Earl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"13","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mitchell","given":"Erin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Albert","given":"Nicholas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chell","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"number-of-pages":"584","publisher":"WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning","title":"The Practice of Social Research","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7a9cc024-8d29-4679-9d9c-8c86c7389099"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[51]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[51]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[51]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[51], 1.8 Definitions Ecosystem Services These are benefits that humans derive from the ecosystems Cultural Ecosystem Services The intangible immaterial benefits derived from ecosystems. Values - Although the term value refers to several distinct concepts, in general values can be considered as evaluative beliefs about the worth, importance, or usefulness of something or about moral principles ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085831","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hirons","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comberti","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dunford","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Valuing Cultural Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b879a9fe-9bc5-459f-99dc-d5d477d91bbc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[15]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[15]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[15]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[15]. Value is used to describe the worth of something, an opinion about that worth, or a moral principle ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444","ISSN":"15435938","abstract":"Values are often invoked in discussions of how to develop a more sustainable relationship with the environment. There is a substantial literature on values that spans several disciplines. In philosophy, values are relatively stable principles that help us make decisions when our preferences are in conflict and thus convey some sense of what we consider good. In economics, the term values is usually used in discussions of social choice, where an assessment of the social value of various alternatives serves as a guide to the best choice under a utilitarian ethic (the greatest good for the greatest number). In sociology, social psychology, and political science, two major lines of research have addressed environmental values. One has focused on four value clusters: self-interest, altruism, traditionalism, and openness to change and found relatively consistent theoretical and empirical support for the relationship of values to environmentalism. The other line of research suggests that environmentalism emerges when basic material needs are met and that individuals and societies that are postmaterialist in their values are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviors. The evidence in support of this argument is more equivocal. Overall, the idea that values, especially altruism, are related to environmentalism, seems well established, but little can be said about the causes of value change and of the overall effects of value change on changes in behavior. Copyright 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dietz","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Amy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shwom","given":"Rachael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"335-372","title":"Environmental values","type":"article-journal","volume":"30"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab6799be-d7eb-464a-8c02-953b98b8a129"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[52]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[52]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[52]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[52]. Values can be a measure of the importance of a thing or experience, or can refer to underlying ideals ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9780199588992","abstract":"\"In 2005, The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) provided the first global assessment of the world's ecosystems and ecosystem services. It concluded that recent trends in ecosystem change threatened human wellbeing due to declining ecosystem services. This bleak prophecy has galvanized conservation organizations, ecologists, and economists to work toward rigorous valuations of ecosystem services at a spatial scale and with a resolution that can inform public policy. The editors have assembled the world's leading scientists in the fields of conservation, policy analysis, and resource economics to provide the most intensive and best technical analyses of ecosystem services to date. A key idea that guides the science is that the modelling and valuation approaches being developed should use data that are readily available around the world. In addition, the book documents a toolbox of ecosystem service mapping, modeling, and valuation models that both The Nature Conservancy and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) are beginning to apply around the world as they transform conservation from a biodiversity only to a people and ecosystem services agenda. The book addresses land, freshwater, and marine systems at a variety of spatial scales and includesdiscussion of how to treat both climate change and cultural values when examining tradeoffs among ecosystem services\"--Provided by publisher. A vision for ecosystem services in decisions: Mainstreaming natural capital into decisions / Gretchen C. Daily [and others]. Interpreting and estimating the value of ecosystem services / Lawrence H. Goulder and Donald Kennedy. Assessing multiple ecosystem services: an integrated tool for the real world / Heather Tallis and Stephen -- Multi-tiered models for ecosystem services: Water supply as an ecosystem service for hydropower and irrigation / Guillermo Mendoza [and others]. Valuing land cover impact on storm peak mitigation / Driss Ennaanay [and others]. Retention of nutrients and sediment by vegetation / Marc Conte [and others]. Terrestrial carbon sequestration and storage / Marc Conte [and others]. The provisioning value of timber and non-timber forest products / Erik Nelson [and others]. Provisioning and regulatory ecosystem service values in agriculture / Erik Nelson [and others]. Crop pollination services / Eric Lonsdorf [and others]. Nature-based tourism and recreation / W.L. (Vic) Adamowicz [and others]. Cultural services and non-use values / Kai M.A. Chan [and oth","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kareiva","given":"Peter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tallis","given":"Heather","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ricketts","given":"Taylor H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daily","given":"Gretchen C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Polasky","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"number-of-pages":"365","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisher-place":"New York","title":"Natural Capital Theory & Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=940eef71-8278-415b-9aa4-4d99c74888bb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[53]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[53]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[53]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[53]. Valuation: The process of expressing a value for a particular good or service in a certain context (e.g., of decision-making) usually in terms of something that can be counted, often money, but also through methods and measures from other disciplines (sociology, ecology, and so on). Valuation is an exercise to appraise two or more options to provide information and guidance for personal and collective decision-making ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085831","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hirons","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comberti","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dunford","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Valuing Cultural Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b879a9fe-9bc5-459f-99dc-d5d477d91bbc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[15]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[15]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[15]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[15] Situatedness Embeddedness in a culture. It is a theoretical position that posits that the mind is ontologically and functionally intertwined within environmental, social and cultural factors ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7","ISBN":"9781461455837","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costello","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teo","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"Springer Science+Business","publisher-place":"New York","title":"Encyclopedia ofCritical Psychology","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f4036b3-2d21-4100-913d-2c57844a50b1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[54]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[54]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[54]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[54]. In this study, it signifies the existence of environmental values and ecosystem services within the wider envelope of the shared social values of a group. Hybrid Values Values statements that contain a mix of the characteristics of different value types. These values cannot be easily disaggregated into different value types. Narratives The cultural context within which stories are told, framed and interpreted, referring to social, cultural, collective, historical or master narratives that express a societys values and beliefs and shape storytelling ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s13412-016-0385-6","ISSN":"21906491","abstract":"This paper is a theoretical contribution that bridges literature and theory in psychology, anthropology, and environmental education to address persistent concerns over how to create desired cultural change for more responsible environmental citizens. Cultural and personal narratives shape how we view ourselves, including our relationship to the environment. The frontier narratives that moved Americans westward, for example, have fed into Americans drive towards excessive consumption and resulted in soil depletion among other challenges. Thus, it is important to consider how we form personal narratives and how personal narratives can shape our larger cultural narratives about our relationships with the environment. In this paper, we argue that childhood narratives are influenced by childrens autobiographical memories (Fivush, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 37:5982, 2007). Childrens autobiographical memories become narratives when they are retold with others and given cultural meaning (e.g., Nelson and Fivush, Psychological Review 111(2):486511, 2004). Psychological literature suggests that individual narratives not only shape the development of identity (Bluck and Alea, Critical Advances in Reminiscence Work pp. 6175, 2002) but also reshape and inform larger cultural narratives (e.g., Fivush, Annual Review of Psychology 62:559582, 2011). Applied to environmental education and activism, we suggest a new framework where simply by providing a space for and encouraging children to talk about ecological experiences, such as tending a garden or taking a walk, these experiences may shape a childs personal narrative (Fivush, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 37:5982, 2007), creating a positive environmental identity (Clayton and Opotow 2003) and promoting a larger cultural narrative of environmental resiliency. If we change our childrens stories then, we change ourselves.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"R. Audley","given":"Shannon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stein","given":"Ninian R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"205-215","publisher":"Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences","title":"Creating an environmental resiliency framework: changing childrens personal and cultural narratives to build environmental resiliency","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2e1c7ea6-ad92-4b03-9de5-0ba5d70b252b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[55]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[55]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[55]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[55]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Narrative Initiative","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"title":"Toward New Gravity: Charting a Course for the Narrative Initiative","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=98e66f07-c4c2-4750-8991-2d6820236677"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[56]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[56]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[56]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[56] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11625-021-00978-z","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"18624057","abstract":"Humanity inhabits a discursive landscape that stimulates our imaginations, guides and influences our behaviour, shapes our ideas of what is possible, and governs what we perceive as normal. The collective human imagination is currently dominated by a discourse of neoliberal capitalism that contributes to global sustainability challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss by framing nature as a resource to be exploited in service of perpetual growth in economic activity. Transformation towards flourishing, sustainable futures will not be possible without the transformation of this dominant discourse. Alternative discourses exist but little is known about how to proactively and ethically pursue the transformation of dominant discourses. In response, this paper develops a conceptual framework to guide an ethical practice of meaning-making towards discursive transformation. It introduces discursive entrepreneurship, defined as the practice of creating, performing, and transforming memes, stories, narratives, and discourses to promote a desired structure of the discursive landscape. Normative strategies for discursive entrepreneurship are identified from a systematic review of recent literature on how social-ecological stories, narratives, and discourses evolve and change. The paper clarifies the often-inconsistent terminology used to define these ideational concepts, arguing for a nested relationship between discourses, narratives, stories, and memes. Further, it shows how discursive entrepreneurs can engage in iterative strategies of deconstruction, reframing, construction, performance, connection, and collaboration to increase the chances that their meanings will reach audiences, be heard by them, be retold, and perhaps contribute to the emergence of inclusive, life-affirming discourses.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Riedy","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0123456789","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"publisher":"Springer Japan","title":"Discursive entrepreneurship: ethical meaning-making as a transformative practice for sustainable futures","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=beb5f1c6-6059-4360-82f8-aaf69fe05d8c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[57]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[57]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[57]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[57]. A concise account of the values statements of a group usually produced after the construction of a values framework which summarizes the values statements. It aids in understanding the overall values framework. Human Wellbeing - a state that is intrinsically and not just instrumentally valuable (or good) for a person or a societal group ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1086/667870","ISSN":"00318248","abstract":"The burgeoning science of well-being makes no secret of being value laden: improvement of well-being is its explicit goal. But in order to achieve this goal its concepts and claims need to be value adequate; that is, they need, among other things, to adequately capture well-being. In this article I consider two ways of securing this adequacy-first, by relying on philosophical theory of prudential value and, second, by the psychometric approach. I argue that neither is fully adequate and explore an alternative. This alternative requires thorough changes in the way philosophers theorize about well-being. 2012 by the Philosophy of Science Association. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alexandrova","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Philosophy of Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"678-689","title":"Well-being as an object of science","type":"article-journal","volume":"79"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e31954ae-f074-45fb-9979-95aadea05a99"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[58]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[58]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[58]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[58]. 1.9 Scope and Delimitations This study focused in-depth on shared social values for cultural ecosystem services. The definition of values in this study was purely cultural perceptions of importance and devoid of any monetary estimates. The study was conducted in Africa (Nigeria and Senegal) and Asia (Indonesia) in countries which are considered to be developing countries. Furthermore, the groups that were chosen for this study included typical social groups and there were no involvements of professional environmental scientists or environmental-expert groups. The description of the sites chosen may be classified as rural and semi-rural. The study did not involve groups in urban settings. Although there are considerations of a wider range of cases in the developing world context, similar studies may be needed in the western world among developed countries to finally confirm a wider sphere of applicability. Moreover, the study was delimited to a certain number of group types namely village councilors, teachers and members of village committees who were mostly farmers and traders. 1.10 Limitations The limitation of this study lies in the fact that only a single framework developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) was used. Other frameworks, notably that of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem werent used here. This may lead to arguments on the comprehensiveness of the study. Furthermore, the MEA is a much older framework than the IPBES framework although the IPBES builds on the foundation of the classifications proposed by the MEA. Secondly, this study was limited by the inability of the researcher to work with a much larger number of groups and group types a situation that was created by the prevalence of the Covid-19 pandemic which led to lockdowns during the period of fieldwork. A wider scope of application is needed for a more generalizable output. Finally, there are logistical and procedural difficulties associated with conducting research in a different language and culture than that of publication. The duration that the participants were willing to spend for the deliberation sessions was also an important factor that needed to be carefully managed. Although the language and time factors were overcome by the researcher, there was need to constantly manage the power dynamics during the deliberative processes. 1.11 Significance of the Study This study demonstrates significant contributions in advancing theory by proposing a new approach towards non-monetary valuation of ecosystem services that is non-biased. The non-biased style of eliciting statements of what is important to the group ensures that only authentic values are captured, that is values which are considered owned and accountable to the group. Again, the effectiveness of the WVICP in eliciting different dimensions of values is a significant contribution towards integrated valuation. This is believed to achieve similar objectives as pluralistic valuations of ecosystem services being advocated in the IPBES framework ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so. While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledgepolicy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. We argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and 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approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"26-27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=156f534e-ef33-4d35-b969-2d1276e531f0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[41]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[41]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[41]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[41]. The successful and undisruptive application of WVICP outcomes to the MEA framework is indicative of possible compliance with other classification frameworks. It would be a useful tool for researchers and valuation experts in ecosystem services research. Finally, the study presents an uncomplicated way for integrating local knowledge in valuation settings. The context-specific nature of the values elicited ensures that indigenous ideas are not separated from results. Moreover, it effectively resolves the problem of nature-culture dichotomy by presenting a consolidated envelope of human values within which are situated ecosystem services. 1.12 Main Research Content In Chapter One, we introduce the main contents of this study showing the background of the problems and the evolution of the ecosystem service concept. The problem statements, purpose of the study and research questions are also presented. Afterwards a concise account of the conceptual framework is presented along with the nature of the study. Definitions of terms used in the study are also outlined and the scope, delimitations and limitations of the study clearly portrayed. Finally, the significance of the study in advancing theory and practice is highlighted. Chapter Two is an analysis of a selection of literature on the ecosystem service agenda. It chronicles the earlier works done in the ecosystem domains and the transitions that it has undergone from a majorly economic focus to a more comprehensive agenda that includes social and cultural considerations. Furthermore, work on classification systems, valuation frameworks and deliberative methodologies are also considered. The place of local and indigenous knowledge systems in ecosystem service research is also discussed. Chapter Three is a well documented presentation of the methodology of this research. It lays out in sequential steps- the methods that were employed during the course of this research. In this chapter, the research design is discussed. The criteria for the choice of study sites and groups are also explained. The processes involved in the localization of the WeValue InSitu crystallization processes, the deliberative process proper including the framework construction and narratives are also presented. The procedure for transcribing, translating and coding the workshop data are well explained. Afterwards, the chapter details the process of analyzing and classifying the values statements using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework. Chapter Four is a presentation of the results of the study. First of all, the values frameworks of the 23 groups used in this study are documented and presented. Then a group by group analysis of the shared values framework is carried out showing the situatedness of the environmental values within the wider shared values of the groups values envelopes. An attempt is also made to show the values types elicited in terms of which classification of ecosystem services they fall into. The results also show which ecosystem services are most elicited among the different groups. It also shows which of the elicited environmental values are hybrid values. Chapter Five is a discussion of the findings in the study. It shows the relationship between the findings of this study and other current relevant literature. It discusses the idea of situated environmental values and why it is relevant to ecosystem research. In addition to this, the impact of group roles on ecosystem service valuations is discussed. An analysis of the perceptions of ecosystem services in different site contexts is also discussed. Chapter Six is a generalization of the design and consideration of a wider range of cases. In this Chapter, the WeValue InSitu crystallization process of several other groups in Indonesia and Senegal are analyzed for the existence of ecosystem services. The identified services were then classified using the framework designated for this study. The chapter shows the similarity and peculiarities of the study when done in different geographical locations. Chapter seven is a conclusion of the study and emphasizes the significance of the study. It also presents the contributions of the study to ESS research, valuation methods, indicator development and policy applications. 1.13 Innovations of the Study There are four major innovations contained in this study: A new method for eliciting cultural ecosystem services this study utilized a novel approach to eliciting and capturing cultural ecosystem services. This was achieved by using a values-based approach WVICP to elicit an envelope of human and social values within which cultural ecosystem services were identified. A method for eliciting environmental values in an unbiased way the need to produce environmental values in an unbiased way underscores the necessity of removing all forms of incentives or nudging activities in environmental valuations. The deliberations were not designed to focus on environmental themes but on a general theme of human values. The products of the process are pure and valid. A way to visually display the placement of ecosystem services in the values of a group this thesis has also advanced a new way of visualizing shared values and ecosystem service data. This data visualization style gives an overall perspective of the values envelope of a group and details the occurrence of ecosystem services and their relative locations in the values framework. It will greatly aid researchers and policy makers to make quick and reliable decisions. A method that ensures integrated valuation and removes dichotomy in the valuation process the WeValue process used in this study ensured an integrated process that did not have to go through the rigorous procedure of carrying out different valuations and values aggregation afterwards. This was a simple method that produced diverse values categories. It is expected to save time and reduce cost of ESS valuations if adopted by agencies. 1.14 Road Map Diagram of the Thesis Work Carried Out   Figure 3: Road map diagram of the thesis work carried out As shown in Figure 3, this study was carried out in 8 stages. The first stage was an introductory phase where the author was involved in the searching of literature. Preliminary studies on ecosystem services were carried out in order to gain knowledge of current trends, develop research ideas and identify gaps in the literature that needed to be filled. The author was also exposed to the WeValue InSitu crystallization process during which he participated in several trainings on the process for facilitating the deliberative process. This stage lasted for around 6 months. The second stage was a period of review of relevant literature. At this stage, a thorough search of the literature that dealt with the identified gaps was carried out. At this stage, more focus was given to literature about cultural ecosystem services, shared values and different methods of participatory and deliberative valuations of ecosystem services. In stage three, there was a fine-tuning of the methodology for the research. At this stage, decisions were made on the framework to be used; the sites to be sampled and the exact format of the workshops were formulated. In addition, the WeValue InSitu crystallization process was localized and adapted for use in the context of the selected sites. Again, the groups to be used were selected and their willingness and availability confirmed. Stage four involved the execution of multiple exploratory workshops to elicit and crystallize the shared values of the different groups. These workshops were carried out over a period of 12 months in different locations in Southeast Nigeria. The workshops also involved pre and post-workshop interviews which are standard practices in the WeValue InSitu crystallization process. Stage five was a period for analyzing the data derived from the workshops. During this stage, the author was involved in transcription and translation of the raw files. The transcripts were further coded thematically for the occurrence of environmental values and ecosystem services. At this stage all references to persons and places were anonymized for further work. Stage six was a major part of the project that involved the actual classifications of the identified environmental values using the MEA classification framework. Comparisons were also made between different groups based on site and location-specific contexts of their ecosystems. Stage seven involved the consideration of a wider range of cases in 2 other countries Senegal and Indonesia. The purpose was to test the hypothesis about the situatedness of environmental values in other contexts. This was achieved using non-expert groups and produced similar results as the processes carried out in Nigeria. Stage eight is the final stage and would involve the analysis of the data gathered from this study and how it fits into the current literature. The ability of the findings of this study to fill the research gap will also be explored. Finally, recommendations would be made and the contributions of this thesis described. 1.15 Summary This chapter provides an overview of the objectives and background of the study highlighting the questions that the research sets out to answer. It has also summarized the innovations and significance of the study including the contributions to theory, practice and policy. The roadmap and main contents of this thesis are also clearly laid out, and the scope, delimitations and limitations of the study are given. In the next chapter, an in-depth review of associated literature will be conducted to further delineate the purpose of the study and justify why this study should be carried out. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the focus is to explore the significant body of research that has been done on the subject of ecosystem services. The aim is to highlight significant advances, and more deeply explore the trends in the field of ecosystem service research in order to call attention to the gaps that exist and how this study intends to fill these gaps. The concept of values will also be discussed and how it is being incorporated in the study of ecosystem services along with the various methods that are being used for the valuation of ecosystem services. It is necessary at this stage to more clearly display the history of this field of study and how it has evolved over the years. This chapter is broken down into six major sections. It begins with background information on ecosystem services, briefly highlighting the history and earlier work done in the field. It also set out the various types of ecosystem services and the classification frameworks that have been developed and used in this field. The second section discusses the research gaps and needs in the current work on ecosystem services by exposing the need to integrate the cultural services in more studies on ecosystem research. We argue that the relative ease in the valuation of provisioning services should not be a reason for the neglect of the cultural services. In the third section, an exploration of the (need for) localization of ecosystem service research, and the place of indigenous and local knowledge in valuation studies, are examined. These are highly important considering the contextual nature of ecosystem services. The fourth section surveys the theme of deliberation and how it is being used in valuation studies in ecosystem services. Since it is the basic tool of use in qualitative studies of this nature, we discuss how it is involved in values formation, the factors that affect it, how it can be used in valuation studies and the different styles of deliberation. The principles for assessing a successful deliberative exercise are also discussed. Section five deals with the valuation pathways, including deliberative valuation. It also highlights the Deliberative Value Formation model (DVF) and shows the three components of the model. Finally, an analysis of the concept of values in Ecosystems services is presented. It is expected to show the subjective nature of values, the different classifications of values based on different frameworks of reference. It concludes with the current gaps in ESS valuation and an evaluation of our approach to eliciting and crystallizing shared values of ecosystem services. 2.1 Understanding Ecosystem Services 2.1.1 Early Works on Ecosystem Services In an article published by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2], an attempt was made to give an estimate of the monetary value of the worlds biosphere. At that time, it was estimated to be worth US$33 trillion per year a value which comprised both traded and non-traded commodities. This was considered an outrageous postulation as that figure was even larger than the global gross GDP. This remarkable work by Constanza sparked a lot of debates and counter arguments but the aim had been achieved the interest of researchers on ecosystem service research had been ignited, and what followed was a flurry of publications and citations which demonstrated that ecosystem services were much more important to human wellbeing than conventional economics had allowed ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"It has been 20 years since two seminal publications about ecosystem services came out: an edited book by Gretchen Daily and an article in Nature by a group of ecologists and economists on the value of the world's ecosystem services. Both of these have been very highly cited and kicked off an explosion of research, policy, and applications of the idea, including the establishment of this journal. This article traces the history leading up to these publications and the subsequent debates, research, institutions, policies, on-the-ground actions, and controversies they triggered. It also explores what we have learned during this period about the key issues: from definitions to classification to valuation, from integrated modelling to public participation and communication, and the evolution of institutions and governance innovation. Finally, it provides recommendations for the future. In particular, it points to the weakness of the mainstream economic approaches to valuation, growth, and development. It concludes that the substantial contributions of ecosystem services to the sustainable wellbeing of humans and the rest of nature should be at the core of the fundamental change needed in economic theory and practice if we are to achieve a societal transformation to a sustainable and desirable future.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Braat","given":"Leon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kubiszewski","given":"Ida","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fioramonti","given":"Lorenzo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-16","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go?","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cfef2ec1-9ca6-43b2-84cf-e8c03cd39ef8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[59]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[59]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[59]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[59]. The study by Constanza led to a new type of economics ecological economics with the objective of developing approaches for accounting for the value of ecosystem services. The foremost of these is a four-year study commissioned by the United Nations to further expand the frontiers of this research. It was named the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The MEA did a lot of pioneer work in categorising the identified ecosystem services. According to their study, there were four categories of ecosystem services namely provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services. The supporting services category is considered a substructure that undergirds the other three categories. Its impact is usually indirect and occurs over a long period of time. These four categories are still in use and widely adopted by majority of researchers till date. 2.1.2 Classification frameworks MEA, IPBES, CICES, TEEB There have been several attempts at having more standard classifications of ESS by some international initiatives since after the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in 2005. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) carried out in 2007 2010 was designed to mainstream the values of ecosystems into decision-making processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781849712125","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Pushpam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kumar","given":"Pushpam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"publisher":"Routledge","title":"The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3d6c9a3a-d059-482d-9187-18393aedc626"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[4]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[4]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[4]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[4]. The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) which was proposed in 2009 and later revised in 2013 was developed for integrated environmental and economic accounting ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/nq/s3-XII.307.392-a","ISSN":"00293970","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Notes and Queries","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"number-of-pages":"1 - 19","title":"Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4","type":"report","volume":"EEA/IEA/09"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36d55fc3-f68a-41b0-87c5-a29b5d39b8fc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[60]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[60]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[60]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[60]. The current and most recent version of CICES (V5.1) was developed in 2017. CICES offers a relatively high level of detail in a nested hierarchical structure of taxonomical levels ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.11.018","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"We present a concept matching systematic review linking the classes of the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES, v4.3) to the ways scientists define and apply ES indicators in published studies. With the dual aim of creating an overview how the different services are measured in the studies, and determining if CICES provides an appropriate structure to accommodate the ES assessed in the practical literature, we reviewed 85 scientific papers from which 440 indicators were identified. Almost all CICES classes were represented, with cultural and some regulating (e.g. global climate regulation, pollination) ES being the most frequently considered. The four most frequently studied CICES classes (or class clusters) were global climate regulation, aesthetic beauty, recreation, and bio-remediation. Regulating and cultural services were more often assessed than provisioning services. Normalisation to unit area and time was common for indicators of several regulating and provisioning ES. Scores were most frequently used for cultural ES (except recreation) and some regulating services (e.g. flood protection). Altogether 20% of the ES indicators were quantified as an economic value, and monetisation is most frequently done for cultural and provisioning ES. Few regulating services, on the other hand, were monetised (including ones, like global climate regulation, for which appropriate techniques are relatively easily available). The work enabled a library of indicators to be compiled and made available. 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It was originally developed as part of work on the revision of the System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) led by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD). CICES attempts to improve on the MEA by creating a more rigorous structure that fosters practical use. It includes all the MEA categories except the supporting services because of its focus on direct services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0921-8009","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"This paper advocates consistently defined units of account to measure the contributions of nature to human welfare. We argue that such units have to date not been defined by environmental accounting advocates and that the term \"ecosystem services\" is too ad hoc to be of practical use in welfare accounting. We propose a definition, rooted in economic principles, of final ecosystem service units. A goal of these units is comparability with the definition of conventional goods and services found in GDP and the other national accounts. We illustrate our definition of ecological units of account with concrete examples. We also argue that these same units of account provide an architecture for environmental performance measurement by governments, conservancies, and environmental markets.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boyd","given":"James","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Banzhaf","given":"Spencer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"January","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"616-626 ST - What are ecosystem services? The nee","title":"What are ecosystem services? 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The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) established in 2012 was a response to decision-makers requests regarding the state of ecosystem services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of 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The IPBES framework broadly contains 3 foci of values - Nature, Nature's Contribution to People and a good quality of life. The IPBES framework integrated the MEA categories of provisioning, regulating and cultural services as part of Nature's Contributions to People. Additionally the framework recognizes 3 value types - intrinsic, instrumental and the more recent relational which aids in the perception and understanding of other value types ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so. While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledgepolicy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. We argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and 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Thus, the relational values help to mitigate the human-nature dichotomy present in traditional economic valuations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0674948386","PMID":"2711046","abstract":"With the rise of science, we moderns believe, the world changed irrevocably, separating us forever from our primitive, premodern ancestors. But if we were to let go of this fond conviction, Bruno Latour asks, what would the world look like? His book, an anthropology of science, shows us how much of modernity is actually a matter of faith.What does it mean to be modern? What difference does the scientific method make? The difference, Latour explains, is in our careful distinctions between nature and society, between human and thing, distinctions that our benighted ancestors, in their world of alchemy, astrology, and phrenology, never made. But alongside this purifying practice that defines modernity, there exists another seemingly contrary one: the construction of systems that mix politics, science, technology, and nature. The ozone debate is such a hybrid, in Latour's analysis, as are global warming, deforestation, even the idea of black holes. As these hybrids proliferate, the prospect of keeping nature and culture in their separate mental chambers becomes overwhelming-and rather than try, Latour suggests, we should rethink our distinctions, rethink the definition and constitution of modernity itself. His book offers a new explanation of science that finally recognizes the connections between nature and culture-and so, between our culture and others, past and present.Nothing short of a reworking of our mental landscape. We Have Never Been Modern blurs the boundaries among science, the humanities, and the social sciences to enhance understanding on all sides. A summation of the work of one of the most influential and provocative interpreters of science, it aims at saving what is good and valuable in modernity and replacing the rest with a broader, fairer, and finer sense of possibility.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Latour","given":"Bruno","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nos","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]},"number-of-pages":"157","title":"We Have Never Been Modern (translated by Catherine Porter)","type":"book","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1719fd4-9a58-4590-b01d-3c1f32aeef5f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[63]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[63]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[63]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[63]. This leads us to seek ways to developing valuation pathways for human perceptions of ecosystem value ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12187-260207","abstract":"We propose an alternative methodology for engaging with multifaceted cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the Global South. We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. These workshops demonstrated how dialogue can elucidate local values for CES, while strengthening support across stakeholders for improved conservation actions. We propose that this methodology is applicable in various contexts for improved CES assessment across diverse stakeholders. Key","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Karen E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Castellano","given":"Celia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pessagno","given":"Sophia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Using dialogue to contextualize culture, ecosystem services, and cultural ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=603061a4-88b8-4b14-b635-e089ad483d70"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.03.005","ISSN":"09593780","abstract":"Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ecosystem service science has made much progress in framing core concepts and approaches, but there is still debate around the notion of cultural services, and a growing consensus that ecosystem use and ecosystem service use should be clearly differentiated. Part of the debate resides in the fact that the most significant sources of conflict around natural resource management arise from the multiple managements (uses) of ecosystems, rather than from the multiple uses of ecosystem services. If the ecosystem approach or the ecosystem service paradigm are to be implemented at national levels, there is an urgent need to disentangle what are often semantic issues, revise the notion of cultural services, and more broadly, practically define the less tangible ecosystem services on which we depend. This is a critical step to identifying suitable ways to manage trade-offs and promote adaptive management. Here we briefly review the problems associated with defining and quantifying cultural ecosystem services and suggest there could be merit in discarding this term for the simpler non-material ecosystem services. We also discuss the challenges in valuing the invaluable, and suggest that if we are to keep ecosystem service definition focused on the beneficiary, we need to further classify these challenging services, for example by differentiating services to individuals from services to communities. Also, we suggest that focussing on ecosystem service change rather than simply service delivery, and identifying common boundaries relevant for both people and ecosystems, would help meet some of these challenges.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Small","given":"N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Munday","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Durance","given":"I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"57-67","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The challenge of valuing ecosystem services that have no material benefits","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e418664b-52a2-4b41-ae63-61adc1b97ce3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[64,65]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[64,65]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[64,65]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[64,65]). 2.1.3 Ecosystem Services Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural and Supporting Services The definition of ecosystem services given by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2] was retained by the MEA thus: Ecosystem services are the ecological characteristics, functions, or processes that directly or indirectly contribute to human wellbeing: that is, the benefits that people derive from functioning ecosystems ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2]. As is the norm in conventional economics, there have been attempts at further differentiating between ecosystem goods (such as food and water) and ecosystem services (such as flood and disease control) but they have been conflated to ecosystem services to represent the full range of benefits (both tangible and intangible) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Provisioning services are those benefits that deal with the normal market goods like fibre, fuel, food etc. The regulating services are concerned with maintaining the environment disease regulation, flood regulation, erosion control etc. The cultural ecosystem services on the other hand are the non-tangible services derived from the environment. It includes things like aesthetic, educational and inspirational values. The ecological economists have been able to measure the provisioning and regulating services and attach some sort of monetary value as a measure of its worth. However, the cultural services are difficult to measure and associate with any monetary or financial worth. Hence, the valuation of cultural ecosystem services remains a significant challenge that cannot be solved by econometric formulas but by a thorough understanding of culture and the shared values of groups. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.002","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The goal of this paper is to illuminate the debate concerning the economics of ecosystem services. The sustainability debate focuses on whether or not ecosystem services are essential for human welfare and the existence of ecological thresholds. If ecosystem services are essential, then marginal analysis and monetary valuation are inappropriate tools in the vicinity of thresholds. The justice debate focuses on who is entitled to ecosystem services and the ecosystem structure that generates them. Answers to these questions have profound implications for the choice of suitable economic institutions. The efficiency debate concerns both the goals of economic activity and the mechanisms best suited to achieve those goals. Conventional economists pursue Pareto efficiency and the maximization of monetary value, achieved by integrating ecosystem services into the market framework. Ecological economists and many others pursue the less rigorously defined goal of achieving the highest possible quality of life compatible with the conservation of resilient, healthy ecosystems, achieved by adapting economic institutions to the physical characteristics of ecosystem services. The concept of ecosystem services is a valuable tool for economic analysis, and should not be discarded because of disagreements with particular economists' assumptions regarding sustainability, justice and efficiency. 2012 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farley","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"40-49","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Ecosystem services: The economics debate","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=08ffca0c-dd4e-4004-b9ef-08b1c0ea49f0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[14]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[14]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[14]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[14] and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.007","ISSN":"2212-0416","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jacobs","given":"Sander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dendoncker","given":"Nicolas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nicholas","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gomez-baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boeraeve","given":"Fanny","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mcgrath","given":"Francesca 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R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rogers","given":"Shannon H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turkelboom","given":"Francis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van","family":"Reeth","given":"Wouter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van","family":"Zanten","given":"Boris T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karine","given":"Hilde","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Washbourne","given":"Carla-leanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"213-220","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"A new valuation school : Integrating diverse values of nature in resource and land use decisions","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e114420a-c5a8-4dfc-b6b3-d712d503958e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[66]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[66]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[66]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[66] report progress in the integration of ecological economics into decision making processes but the challenge still persists and demands the incorporation of fresh approaches especially from fourth-pillar sustainability indicators ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. The emerging contribution of this next-generation evaluation tool to other fields, such as environmental values, development and environmental sustainable development, shared values, business, education and organisational change is outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Field trials of a novel toolkit for evaluating 'intangible' values-related dimensions of projects","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1d6d98f-98f6-4ddf-9d94-220230e3100e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[18]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[18]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[18]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[18]. Supporting services represent services necessary for the production and maintenance of all other ecosystem services. Examples include soil formation and retention, nutrient cycling, biomass production; water cycling etc. It has received relatively little attention possibly because they do not have a direct impact on human wellbeing and also to avoid cases of double counting in valuation studies. At this juncture, it is necessary to take a closer look at cultural ecosystem services with a view to understanding the types, constituents, characteristics and the need to measure them. 2.1.4 Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) 2.1.4.1 Defining Cultural Ecosystem Services There are many definitions of cultural ecosystem services. This is attributed to the continuously evolving developments in the field and the alternative classification frameworks generated by different researches ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.002","ISSN":"03043800","abstract":"A comprehensive understanding of interlinked ecological-economic systems requires integration of different theoretical frameworks and assessment methods. This paper reviews the main definitions, classifications, and methodological approaches used to identify, assess, and value stocks of natural capital and flows of ecosystem services. A synthesis of the major developments in the field of ecosystem services assessment is provided and the main future challenges are outlined. The notion of value in relation to natural capital and ecosystem services is discussed exploring different economic and ecological approaches. We then propose a conceptual framework integrating environmental accounting and ecosystem services assessment to highlight three main possible windows of attention to be investigated when focusing on ecosystem services provision and exploitation: (1) sustained economic and environmental costs, (2) received benefits, and (3) generated impacts. Finally, we conclude that such an ecological-economic and systems perspective to ecosystem services assessment could play an important role in investigating the interplay between ecological and socio-economic systems, allowing a broader and more comprehensive understanding of the benefits gained from ecosystems and the costs due to their exploitation. 2014 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hyh","given":"Tiina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Franzese","given":"Pier Paolo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Modelling","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"124-132","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Ecosystem services assessment: A review under an ecological-economic and systems perspective","type":"article-journal","volume":"289"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cd93a46d-bf0b-4f3a-b66c-fef19a301081"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[67]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[67]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[67]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[67]. Another problematic issue is about the definition of culture in ecosystem services. While some define culture as consisting of worldviews and practices ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.033","ISSN":"03014797","PMID":"23353883","abstract":"The demand for better representation of cultural considerations in environmental management is increasingly evident. As two cases in point, ecosystem service approaches increasingly include cultural services, and resource planners recognize indigenous constituents and the cultural knowledge they hold as key to good environmental management. Accordingly, collaborations between anthropologists, planners, decision makers and biodiversity experts about the subject of culture are increasingly common-but also commonly fraught. Those whose expertise is culture often engage in such collaborations because they worry a practitioner from 'elsewhere' will employ a 'measure of culture' that is poorly or naively conceived. Those from an economic or biophysical training must grapple with the intangible properties of culture as they intersect with economic, biological or other material measures. This paper seeks to assist those who engage in collaborations to characterize cultural benefits or impacts relevant to decision-making in three ways; by: (i) considering the likely mindset of would-be collaborators; (ii) providing examples of tested approaches that might enable innovation; and (iii) characterizing the kinds of obstacles that are in principle solvable through methodological alternatives. We accomplish these tasks in part by examining three cases wherein culture was a critical variable in environmental decision making: risk management in New Zealand associated with Mori concerns about genetically modified organisms; cultural services to assist marine planning in coastal British Columbia; and a decision-making process involving a local First Nation about water flows in a regulated river in western Canada. We examine how 'culture' came to be manifest in each case, drawing from ethnographic and cultural-models interviews and using subjective metrics (recommended by theories of judgment and decision making) to express cultural concerns. We conclude that the characterization of cultural benefits and impacts is least amenable to methodological solution when prevailing cultural worldviews contain elements fundamentally at odds with efforts to quantify benefits/impacts, but that even in such cases some improvements are achievable if decision-makers are flexible regarding processes for consultation with community members and how quantification is structured. 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Robin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roberts","given":"Mere","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"103-114","title":"Culture, Intangibles and metrics in environmental management","type":"article-journal","volume":"117"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b8453e1f-c5fe-4c35-847e-bdda76efdfca"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[68]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[68]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[68]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[68], others view it as a complex and multifaceted term encompassing way of life, the identity of a group, or particular social processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.07.003","ISSN":"01692046","abstract":"Cultural identity is strongly associated with the ways in which people interact with their landscapes. A few special landscapes may have 'universal' or 'outstanding' values, but almost all landscapes will be valued in multiple ways by those people who are closely associated with them. It is important that those making decisions affecting landscapes are aware of the potential nature and range of cultural values, particularly where these values are not accounted for using standardised landscape assessment techniques. This article describes the development of the Cultural Values Model, which offers an integrated conceptual framework for understanding the potential range of values that might be present within a landscape, and the potential dynamics between these values. The model emerged out of community-based research undertaken in two landscapes in New Zealand, and is discussed in the context of the contribution that landscapes can make to cultural identity and sustainability. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stephenson","given":"Janet","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"127-139","title":"The Cultural Values Model: An integrated approach to values in landscapes","type":"article-journal","volume":"84"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f8bdbae-a7fe-4dac-a737-33d7354bd550"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[69]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[69]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[69]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[69]. An exhaustive presentation of the definitions of CES is not intended in this work; however, Table 1 shows the different definitions obtained from different sources. Table 1: Sample definitions and types of Cultural Ecosystem Services or Equivalent (Source: ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.04.014","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"City dwellers have fewer opportunities to connect with nature, with urban green space (UGS) often one of the few places where this can occur. Natural environments are known to contribute to human wellbeing, although to date research has largely focused on quantifiable benefits. The less tangible benefits obtained from ecosystems have commonly been referred to as Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). However, challenges persist around the definition and measurement of CES. A qualitative review of literature was conducted to identify key characteristics of CES, challenges to CES research, and lessons for the future of UGS research. The review found that CES have tended to be characterised by intangibility and incommensurability, when perhaps the most distinguishing features are the form and extent of human-environment co-production, and association between CES and held values. Despite ongoing challenges, researchers have applied a range of methods to capture and analyse CES, including non-economic and participatory/deliberative approaches. As urbanisation increases, it is important to understand how CES from UGS affect wellbeing. The review found that attention to date has mainly focused on identifying CES but scope exists to research the effects of UGS attributes, and how the socio-cultural diversity of cities might influence co-production of CES.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickinson","given":"Dawn C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hobbs","given":"Richard J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"179-194","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Cultural ecosystem services: Characteristics, challenges and lessons for urban green space research","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=24b0ec8a-76f4-4958-ba2c-935cea3cf14b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[70]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[70]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[70]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[70]) Source Definitions of CES or equivalentADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2] Described as the aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual and/or scientific values of ecosystems ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00102-7","ISSN":"14629011","abstract":"People find themselves confronted with ever starker tradeoffs in the allocation of resources to competing uses and users. At the local level, for instance, allocation of land or water to agricultural, industrial, municipal, recreational, and conservation activities often involves a zero sum game. This is apparent in the widespread loss of water and land from native habitat to farms and increasingly to urban and industrial purposes. These tradeoffs are becoming increasingly vexing and difficult to resolve, from both ethical and practical perspectives. The Ecosystem Services Framework integrates biophysical and social dimensions of environmental protection in a way that holds great promise for addressing the environmental crisis that will likely peak in the 21st century. Here, I provide a brief overview of this framework and suggest a plan for immediate action. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daily","given":"Gretchen C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Science and Policy","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"333-339","title":"Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bc110573-183c-4f4b-9375-a804c92ea1bf"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[71]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[71]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[71]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[71]Ecosystem services which deliver the following life fulfilling functions: Aesthetic beauty; Cultural, intellectual, and spiritual inspiration; Existence value; Scientific discovery; SerenityADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"An increasing amount of information is being collected on the ecological and socio-economic value of goods and services provided by natural and semi-natural ecosystems. However, much of this information appears scattered throughout a disciplinary academic literature, unpublished government agency reports, and across the World Wide Web. In addition, data on ecosystem goods and services often appears at incompatible scales of analysis and is classified differently by different authors. In order to make comparative ecological economic analysis possible, a standardized framework for the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem functions, goods and services is needed. In response to this challenge, this paper presents a conceptual framework and typology for describing, classifying and valuing ecosystem functions, goods and services in a clear and consistent manner. In the following analysis, a classification is given for the fullest possible range of 23 ecosystem functions that provide a much larger number of goods and services. In the second part of the paper, a checklist and matrix is provided, linking these ecosystem functions to the main ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation methods. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf S.","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wilson","given":"Matthew A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boumans","given":"Roelof M.J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"393-408","title":"A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services","type":"article-journal","volume":"41"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da73f40c-0d12-404b-b496-2d4741b7d1e9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[72]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[72]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[72]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[72] Natural ecosystems provide information functions that contribute to spiritual enrichment, cognitive development and recreation. These include: Aesthetic information, Recreation, Cultural and artistic information, Spiritual/historic information, Science and education ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1] Described as being the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences, including: Cultural diversity, Aesthetic values, Spiritual and religious values, Social relations, Knowledge systems Sense of place, Educational values, Cultural heritage values, Inspiration Recreation and ecotourismADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.015","ISSN":"00063207","abstract":"Ecosystem values are not well accounted for in decisions concerning natural resources. In this context, the concept of ecosystem services offers an important opportunity to develop a framework to underpin the wise use of biodiversity and other natural resources. Although the merit of using ecosystem services to frame biodiversity evaluations has been documented, the classification systems employed mix processes (means) for achieving services and the services themselves (ends) within the same classification category. This limits their contribution to decisions concerning biodiversity. Ambiguity in the definitions of key terms - such as ecosystem processes, functions and services - exacerbates this situation. After clarifying definitions and discussing the basic components of an effective typology, this paper develops a classification of ecosystem services that provides a framework for decisions in natural resource management. However, further work is still required to resolve particular issues, such as the classification of socio-cultural services. Although science can contribute to effective decisions by clearly classifying services and describing their links to processes, final decisions concerning biodiversity and other natural resources are inevitably socio-political, and embedded within a particular cultural context. Crown Copyright 2007.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wallace","given":"Ken J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biological Conservation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"235-246","title":"Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions","type":"article-journal","volume":"139"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f0ea6f1b-607e-4a9d-b2fe-6a9b719c48a2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[73]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[73]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[73]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[73] Socio-cultural services provide: Spiritual/philosophical contentment; A benign social group, including access to mates and being loved; Recreation/leisure; Meaningful occupation; Aesthetics; Opportunity values, and capacity for cultural and biological evolution (comprising knowledge/education resources, and genetic resources) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.07.003","ISSN":"01692046","abstract":"Cultural identity is strongly associated with the ways in which people interact with their landscapes. A few special landscapes may have 'universal' or 'outstanding' values, but almost all landscapes will be valued in multiple ways by those people who are closely associated with them. It is important that those making decisions affecting landscapes are aware of the potential nature and range of cultural values, particularly where these values are not accounted for using standardised landscape assessment techniques. This article describes the development of the Cultural Values Model, which offers an integrated conceptual framework for understanding the potential range of values that might be present within a landscape, and the potential dynamics between these values. The model emerged out of community-based research undertaken in two landscapes in New Zealand, and is discussed in the context of the contribution that landscapes can make to cultural identity and sustainability. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stephenson","given":"Janet","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"127-139","title":"The Cultural Values Model: An integrated approach to values in landscapes","type":"article-journal","volume":"84"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f8bdbae-a7fe-4dac-a737-33d7354bd550"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[69]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[69]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[69]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[69] Cultural values include cultural attributes (e.g. stories and myths) as well as attributes considered a part of nature which are valued culturally, and comprise: forms (physical, tangible and measureable aspects of landscape or space); relationships (spanning the human-nature continuum i.e. people-people, people-landscape, and purely ecological (landscape) interactions); practices (both human practices and natural processes e.g. traditions, events, ecological and natural processes)UK National Ecosystem Assessment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Rob","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mourato","given":"Susana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tratalos","given":"Jamie A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Cultural Ecosystem Services and Indicators. In UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-on.","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3ff5ccef-0082-4a38-85cc-82f72da4679a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[74]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[74]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[74]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[74] CES are the environmental spaces (where people interact with each other and the natural environment) and cultural practices (the activities linking people with each other and the natural environment) that benefit human wellbeing in material and non-material ways. CES give rise to the cultural goods and benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Cultural goods comprise: Leisure, recreation and tourism goods; Education and ecological knowledge goods; Health goods; Religious and spiritual goods; Heritage goods Cultural ecosystem benefits refer to the following dimensions of wellbeing: Identity (belonging, sense of place, spirituality); Experience (tranquillity, inspiration, escape, discovery); Capability (knowledge, health, judgement, dexterity)ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Ecosystem service approaches have become a prominent basis for planning and management. Cultural services and non-use values are included in all major typologies and present some of the most compelling reasons for conserving ecosystems, though many barriers exist to their explicit characterization. The values that conform least well to economic assumptions-variously lumped together with/as cultural services-have proven elusive in part because valuation is complicated by the properties of intangibility and incommensurability, which has in turn led to their exclusion from economic valuation. We argue that the effectiveness of the ecosystem services framework in decision-making is thwarted by (i) conflation of services, values, and benefits, and (ii) failure to appropriately treat diverse kinds of values. We address this challenge by (1) distinguishing eight dimensions of values, which have implications for appropriate valuation and decision-making; (2) demonstrating the interconnected nature of benefits and services, and so the ubiquity of intangible values; (3) discussing the implications of these propositions for ecosystem-services research; and (4) outlining briefly a research agenda to enable decision-making that is ecologically appropriate and socially just. Because many ecosystem services (co-)produce 'cultural' benefits, full characterization of services must address non-material values through methods from diverse social sciences. 2011 Elsevier B.V..","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldstein","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"8-18","title":"Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values","type":"article-journal","volume":"74"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5847a45c-fbdb-47c9-b1cd-2edb8656695f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[75]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[75]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[75]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[75] Cultural services are an ecosystems contribution to the non-material benefits (e.g. capabilities and experiences) that arise from human-ecosystem relationships. The categories of CES are: Subsistence; Outdoor recreation; Education and research (nature-based); Artistic (nature-based); Ceremonial (place-based)Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES v4 2013) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/nq/s3-XII.307.392-a","ISSN":"00293970","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Notes and Queries","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"number-of-pages":"1 - 19","title":"Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): Consultation on Version 4","type":"report","volume":"EEA/IEA/09"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36d55fc3-f68a-41b0-87c5-a29b5d39b8fc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[60]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[60]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[60]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[60]Cultural services are the non-material, and normally non-consumptive, outputs of ecosystems that affect the physical and mental states of people. Cultural services are the physical settings, locations or situations that alter the physical or mental states of people, and whose character are dependent on living processes. The categories of cultural services are: Physical interactions (use of plants, animals and land-/seascapes); Intellectual interactions (either scientific, educational, heritage/cultural, entertainment, and aesthetic); Spiritual and symbolic interactions (symbolic, sacred/religious); Other interactions (existence and bequest) It is evident from the table above that there are different conceptualizations about cultural ecosystem services and understandably so because they are context-dependent by nature. We shall proceed to look at the characteristics of this group of ecosystem services which make them peculiar and not fitted for the conventional market-based valuations. 2.1.4.2 Characteristics of Cultural Ecosystem Services 2.1.4.2.1 Intangibility and Incommensurability Cultural ecosystem services are difficult to measure because they are non-material especially to the economist. This is the most obvious reason given by most ecological economists as the problem of cultural ecosystem services. The incommensurability exists because there is no standard basis of measuring them ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.envsci.2015.01.007","ISSN":"18736416","abstract":"In the past years, monetary valuation of changes to biodiversity and ecosystem services has received increased attention in the scientific community and in the policy arena. Regardless of the abundance of valuation methods, there seems to be a particular interest in obtaining monetary estimates via stated preference methods. While some experts regard these methods as useful means to recognise, demonstrate and integrate biodiversity concerns in policy design, others voice severe criticism and advocate the use of deliberative approaches to biodiversity valuation. In view of these debates, this paper outlines the rationale and characteristics of three valuation avenues: stated preference methods, deliberative institutions, and deliberative monetary valuation. We develop criteria that guide the selection of an appropriate valuation approach in different decision contexts and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of each approach against these criteria. The aim of the paper is to illuminate the portfolio of valuation methods available to guide policy design and to improve the applicability of these methods in practical biodiversity policies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lienhoop","given":"Nele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bartkowski","given":"Bartosz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hansjrgens","given":"Bernd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Science and Policy","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"522-532","title":"Informing biodiversity policy: The role of economic valuation, deliberative institutions and deliberative monetary valuation","type":"article-journal","volume":"54"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=354a42f5-7c56-4b75-b5d4-a916483d1261"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[76]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[76]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[76]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[76]. The exception to the intangibility of CES is with reference to artifacts and sites that are tangible and popularly referred to as environmental spaces ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.033","ISSN":"03014797","PMID":"23353883","abstract":"The demand for better representation of cultural considerations in environmental management is increasingly evident. As two cases in point, ecosystem service approaches increasingly include cultural services, and resource planners recognize indigenous constituents and the cultural knowledge they hold as key to good environmental management. Accordingly, collaborations between anthropologists, planners, decision makers and biodiversity experts about the subject of culture are increasingly common-but also commonly fraught. Those whose expertise is culture often engage in such collaborations because they worry a practitioner from 'elsewhere' will employ a 'measure of culture' that is poorly or naively conceived. Those from an economic or biophysical training must grapple with the intangible properties of culture as they intersect with economic, biological or other material measures. This paper seeks to assist those who engage in collaborations to characterize cultural benefits or impacts relevant to decision-making in three ways; by: (i) considering the likely mindset of would-be collaborators; (ii) providing examples of tested approaches that might enable innovation; and (iii) characterizing the kinds of obstacles that are in principle solvable through methodological alternatives. We accomplish these tasks in part by examining three cases wherein culture was a critical variable in environmental decision making: risk management in New Zealand associated with Mori concerns about genetically modified organisms; cultural services to assist marine planning in coastal British Columbia; and a decision-making process involving a local First Nation about water flows in a regulated river in western Canada. We examine how 'culture' came to be manifest in each case, drawing from ethnographic and cultural-models interviews and using subjective metrics (recommended by theories of judgment and decision making) to express cultural concerns. We conclude that the characterization of cultural benefits and impacts is least amenable to methodological solution when prevailing cultural worldviews contain elements fundamentally at odds with efforts to quantify benefits/impacts, but that even in such cases some improvements are achievable if decision-makers are flexible regarding processes for consultation with community members and how quantification is structured. 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Robin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roberts","given":"Mere","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"103-114","title":"Culture, Intangibles and metrics in environmental management","type":"article-journal","volume":"117"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b8453e1f-c5fe-4c35-847e-bdda76efdfca"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[68]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[68]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[68]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[68] . 2.1.4.2.2 Human co-production Cultural ecosystem services are heavily reliant on social interactions for their production ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/120144","ISSN":"15409295","abstract":"Despite growing interest and investment in ecosystem services across global science and policy arenas, it remains unclear how ecosystem services - and particularly changes in those services - should be measured. The social and ecological factors, and their interactions, that create and alter ecosystem services are inherently complex. Measuring and managing ecosystem services requires a sophisticated systems-based approach that accounts for how these services are generated by interconnected social-ecological systems (SES), how different services interact with each other, and how changes in the total bundle of services influence human well-being (HWB). Furthermore, there is a need to understand how changes in HWB feedback and affect the generation of ecosystem services. Here, we outline an SES-based approach for measuring ecosystem services and explore its value for setting policy targets, developing indicators, and establishing monitoring and assessment programs. The Ecological Society of America.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reyers","given":"Belinda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Biggs","given":"Reinette","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cumming","given":"Graeme S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Elmqvist","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hejnowicz","given":"Adam P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Polasky","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"268-273","title":"Getting the measure of ecosystem services: A social-ecological approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d215a5a4-5150-4bef-84d0-0c602150859f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[77]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[77]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[77]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[77]. This involves human relationships and common practices since cultural values can only be formed as a result of human perceptions of ecosystem services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.014","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"To create a city in which green space is designed to address not only ecological priorities but also user perception, it is essential for planners and policy makers to explore the experiences of urban green space users. This study developed a method to a guide the translation of the concept of ecosystem services to citizens. Through a three-step process urban ecosystem services were re-categorized into a subset of directly perceivable services, fine-grained and formed into understandable statements. These statements were presented to urban park users in Rotterdam using Q methodology. Three main user profiles emerged around 'love of nature', 'recreation and connection' and 'social setting and relaxation'. Overall the most valued ecosystem subservice was aesthetic appreciation. Other ecosystem subservices that scored highly were recreation, air quality control and social setting. Awareness of types of users in terms of park perception could aid urban planners in designing user-focused urban green spaces.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buchel","given":"Sophie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frantzeskaki","given":"Niki","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"169-177","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Citizens' voice: A case study about perceived ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0017f13c-204d-4a81-aa89-6b82a6de106c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[78]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[78]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[78]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[78]. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.017","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"A study of the cultural ecosystem services (CES) arising from peoples interactions with the rural environment is conducted within the context of a landscape scale, nature improvement initiative in the United Kingdom. Taking a mixed methodological approach, the research applies, and demonstrates empirically, a framework for CES developed under the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (Fish et al., 2016). Applications of the framework involve the study of the environmental spaces and cultural practices that contribute to the realisation of benefits to well-being. In this paper empirical work is undertaken to inform the CES evidence base informing management priorities of the Northern Devon Nature Improvement Area (NDNIA) in south west England. Findings from a questionnaire survey, qualitative mapping, group discussion and a participatory arts-based research process are presented to document the many and diverse ways this study area matters to local communities. The paper analyses the qualities that research participants attribute to the environmental space of the NDNIA, the cultural practices conducted and enabled within it, and their associated benefits. The implications of the study for applying this framework through mixed methodological research are discussed, alongside an account of the impact of this approach within the NDNIA itself.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Willis","given":"Cheryl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Winter","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tratalos","given":"Jamie A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","10","1"]]},"page":"329-343","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Making space for cultural ecosystem services: Insights from a study of the UK nature improvement initiative","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=46a0516e-d81d-4aa8-975d-d8cfaa0084b4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[79]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[79]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[79]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[79] explains that these values are not created apriori but through active interactions with ecosystems. Furthermore, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1525002113","ISSN":"10916490","PMID":"26862158","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benessaiah","given":"Karina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapman","given":"Mollie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannahs","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jax","given":"Kurt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luck","given":"Gary W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muraca","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norton","given":"Bryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ott","given":"Konrad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tadaki","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taggart","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"Nancy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1462-1465","title":"Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"113"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=20472dbd-aacc-4a0a-b056-737bb522634c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[39]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[39]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[39]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[39] emphasizes the importance of relationships both between people and nature, and between people involving nature, as being the crux of CES. 2.1.4.2.3 CES are Place-based Cultural ecosystem services have been empirically proven to be place-based ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.04.014","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"City dwellers have fewer opportunities to connect with nature, with urban green space (UGS) often one of the few places where this can occur. Natural environments are known to contribute to human wellbeing, although to date research has largely focused on quantifiable benefits. The less tangible benefits obtained from ecosystems have commonly been referred to as Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). However, challenges persist around the definition and measurement of CES. A qualitative review of literature was conducted to identify key characteristics of CES, challenges to CES research, and lessons for the future of UGS research. The review found that CES have tended to be characterised by intangibility and incommensurability, when perhaps the most distinguishing features are the form and extent of human-environment co-production, and association between CES and held values. Despite ongoing challenges, researchers have applied a range of methods to capture and analyse CES, including non-economic and participatory/deliberative approaches. As urbanisation increases, it is important to understand how CES from UGS affect wellbeing. The review found that attention to date has mainly focused on identifying CES but scope exists to research the effects of UGS attributes, and how the socio-cultural diversity of cities might influence co-production of CES.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickinson","given":"Dawn C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hobbs","given":"Richard J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"179-194","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Cultural ecosystem services: Characteristics, challenges and lessons for urban green space research","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=24b0ec8a-76f4-4958-ba2c-935cea3cf14b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[70]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[70]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[70]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[70]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.033","ISSN":"03014797","PMID":"23353883","abstract":"The demand for better representation of cultural considerations in environmental management is increasingly evident. As two cases in point, ecosystem service approaches increasingly include cultural services, and resource planners recognize indigenous constituents and the cultural knowledge they hold as key to good environmental management. Accordingly, collaborations between anthropologists, planners, decision makers and biodiversity experts about the subject of culture are increasingly common-but also commonly fraught. Those whose expertise is culture often engage in such collaborations because they worry a practitioner from 'elsewhere' will employ a 'measure of culture' that is poorly or naively conceived. Those from an economic or biophysical training must grapple with the intangible properties of culture as they intersect with economic, biological or other material measures. This paper seeks to assist those who engage in collaborations to characterize cultural benefits or impacts relevant to decision-making in three ways; by: (i) considering the likely mindset of would-be collaborators; (ii) providing examples of tested approaches that might enable innovation; and (iii) characterizing the kinds of obstacles that are in principle solvable through methodological alternatives. We accomplish these tasks in part by examining three cases wherein culture was a critical variable in environmental decision making: risk management in New Zealand associated with Mori concerns about genetically modified organisms; cultural services to assist marine planning in coastal British Columbia; and a decision-making process involving a local First Nation about water flows in a regulated river in western Canada. We examine how 'culture' came to be manifest in each case, drawing from ethnographic and cultural-models interviews and using subjective metrics (recommended by theories of judgment and decision making) to express cultural concerns. We conclude that the characterization of cultural benefits and impacts is least amenable to methodological solution when prevailing cultural worldviews contain elements fundamentally at odds with efforts to quantify benefits/impacts, but that even in such cases some improvements are achievable if decision-makers are flexible regarding processes for consultation with community members and how quantification is structured. 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Robin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roberts","given":"Mere","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"103-114","title":"Culture, Intangibles and metrics in environmental management","type":"article-journal","volume":"117"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b8453e1f-c5fe-4c35-847e-bdda76efdfca"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[68]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[68]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[68]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[68]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s13280-014-0601-0","ISBN":"1328001406010","ISSN":"00447447","PMID":"25576284","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) is a valuable concept to be used in the planning and management of socialecological landscapes. However, the understanding of the determinant factors affecting the interaction between services in the form of synergies or trade-offs is still limited. We assessed the production of 16 ES across 62 municipalities in the Norrstrm drainage basin in Sweden. We combined GIS data with publically available information for quantifying and mapping the distribution of services. Additionally, we calculated the diversity of ES for each municipality and used correlations and k-means clustering analyses to assess the existence of ES bundles. We found five distinct types of bundles of ES spatially agglomerated in the landscape that could be explained by regional social and ecological gradients. Human-dominated landscapes were highly multifunctional in our study area and urban densely populated areas were hotspots of cultural services.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Queiroz","given":"Cibele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Meacham","given":"Megan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Richter","given":"Kristina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Norstrm","given":"Albert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andersson","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norberg","given":"Jon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peterson","given":"Garry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ambio","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"89-101","title":"Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e87afc19-8d63-44c5-b5fa-310d8723de21"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[80]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[80]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[80]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[80]. Studies have found that participants frequently used some location-specific expressions to articulate their values of certain CES ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/cobi.12407","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ardoin","given":"Nicole M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Woodside","given":"Ulalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannahs","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daily","given":"Gretchen C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"575-586","title":"A Protocol for eliciting nonmaterial values through a cultural ecosystem services frame","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d0324b6e-f618-4afb-81ca-a94304861a20"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[81]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[81]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[81]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[81] and this goes further to confirm that these cultural values cannot be generalized across different contexts since different locations produce different expressions of CES based on unique experiences of the people ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jnc.2015.09.006","ISSN":"16171381","abstract":"Protected areas provide important ecosystem services globally but few studies have examined how cultural differences influence the distribution of cultural ecosystem values and management preferences. We used internet-based public participation GIS (PPGIS) in the countries of Norway and Poland to identify ecosystem values and management preferences in protected areas held by regional residents and site users. We found significant differences in the type and quantity of ecosystem values with Norwegians mapping more values relating to use of resources (e.g., hunting/fishing, gathering) and Polish respondents mapping more environmental values such as scenery, biological diversity, and water quality. With respect to management preferences, Norwegians identified more preferences for resource utilization while Polish respondents identified more preferences for conservation. Norwegian respondents were more satisfied with protected area management and local participation which can be explained by historical, legal, and cultural differences between the two countries. For Norway, biodiversity conservation in protected areas will continue to be guided by sustainable use of protected areas, rather than strict nature protection, with management favoring local board control and active public participation. For Poland, change in protected area management to enhance biodiversity conservation is less certain, driven by national environmental values that conflict with local values and preferences, continuing distrust in government, and low levels of civic participation. Differential efficacy in PPGIS methods - Norway with greater participation from household sampling and Poland with greater response using social media - suggest different strategies will be required for effective public engagement in protected area planning and management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brown","given":"Greg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hausner","given":"Vera Helene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"GrodziDska-Jurczak","given":"MaBgorzata","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pietrzyk-KaszyDska","given":"Agata","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"OlszaDska","given":"Agnieszka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peek","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"RechciDski","given":"Marcin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lgreid","given":"Eiliv","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal for Nature Conservation","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"89-104","title":"Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5b3a2236-7ced-4668-b9e4-6fc880e26143"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[82]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[82]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[82]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[82]. 2.1.4.3 The Challenges of CES Research In comparison to other types of ecosystem services, determining exactly what counts as a CES is not straightforward ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.007","ISSN":"0921-8009","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scholte","given":"Samantha S K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van","family":"Teeffelen","given":"Astrid J A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Verburg","given":"Peter H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"67-78","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Integrating socio-cultural perspectives into ecosystem service valuation : A review of concepts and methods","type":"article-journal","volume":"114"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6d2a891e-67bc-42b1-80e3-016d0da32925"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.09.023","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"The concept of ecosystem services was formulated to create a market- and value-based foundation for sustainable natural resource use - by land users as well as by planners. The concise definition, measurement and especially valuation of nature's services is challenging, as values are notoriously fluid and there are dimensions of value other than the biophysically or economically measurable. However, the so-called \"cultural ecosystem services\", which are intended as a way to integrate these immaterial aspects of valuation, pose challenges. It is not clear what they are, to what degree they impact on valuations, or to whom these valuations are most relevant; nor how to integrate them into existing value classifications. Focusing on services as fixed outcomes, rather than processes, prevents the concept from remaining open to local actors' dynamic changes in valuation. Additionally, they are often classified as a Eurocentric residual category for e.g. esthetic and recreational experiences nature provides. Building on anthropological theories and own cases from Angola, Namibia and Botswana, we suggest a definition of culture as a processual activity of meaning-making. By illustratively outlining the locality and culturality of land users' valuation we argue in favor of subjecting universalizing perspectives of ecosystem service valuation to new scrutiny.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prpper","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haupts","given":"Felix","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"28-35","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"The culturality of ecosystem services. Emphasizing process and transformation","type":"article-journal","volume":"108"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eefac8c1-39bb-4b63-ae16-5442c488dd5e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[83,84]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[83,84]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[83,84]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[83,84] and the scientific understanding of CES have been insufficiently studied due to difficulties in identifying and valuing their attributes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01952.x","ISSN":"00218901","abstract":"1. Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. Employing the ecosystem service concept is intended to support the development of policies and instruments that integrate social, economic and ecological perspectives. In recent years, this concept has become the paradigm of ecosystem management. 2. The prolific use of the term 'ecosystem services' in scientific studies has given rise to concerns about its arbitrary application. A quantitative review of recent literature shows the diversity of approaches and uncovers a lack of consistent methodology. 3. From this analysis, we have derived four facets that characterise the holistic ideal of ecosystem services research: (i) biophysical realism of ecosystem data and models; (ii) consideration of local trade-offs; (iii) recognition of off-site effects; and (iv) comprehensive but critical involvement of stakeholders within assessment studies. 4. These four facets should be taken as a methodological blueprint for further development and discussion. They should critically reveal and elucidate what may often appear to be ad-hoc approaches to ecosystem service assessments. 5. Synthesis and applications: Based on this quantitative review, we provide guidelines for further development and discussions supporting consistency in applications of the ecosystem service concept as well as the credibility of results, which in turn can make it easier to generalise from the numerous individual studies. 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology 2011 British Ecological Society.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Seppelt","given":"Ralf","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dormann","given":"Carsten F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Eppink","given":"Florian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lautenbach","given":"Sven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schmidt","given":"Stefan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"630-636","title":"A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: Approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e9b140e7-289b-4a04-9faf-a38a34398e1d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-environ-012312-110838","ISBN":"0123121108","ISSN":"15435938","abstract":"Ecosystems provide many of the material building blocks for human well-being. Although quantification and appreciation of such contributions have rapidly grown, our dependence upon cultural connections to nature deserves more attention. We synthesize multidisciplinary peer-reviewed research on contributions of nature or ecosystems to human well-being mediated through nontangible connections (such as culture). We characterize these connections on the basis of the channels through which such connections arise (i.e., knowing, perceiving, interacting with, and living within) and the components of human well-being they affect (e.g., physical, mental and spiritual health, inspiration, identity). We found enormous variation in the methods used, quantity of research, and generalizability of the literature. The effects of nature on mental and physical health have been rigorously demonstrated, whereas other effects (e.g., on learning) are theorized but seldom demonstrated. The balance of evidence indicates conclusively that knowing and experiencing nature makes us generally happier, healthier people. More fully characterizing our intangible connections with nature will help shape decisions that benefit people and the ecosystems on which we depend. 2013 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Russell","given":"Roly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guerry","given":"Anne D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Basurto","given":"Xavier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levine","given":"Jordan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tam","given":"Jordan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"number-of-pages":"473-502","title":"Humans and nature: How knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being","type":"book","volume":"38"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2329af3a-14ad-43e3-99cc-d5d49d254402"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[85,86]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[85,86]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[85,86]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[85,86]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Ecosystem service approaches have become a prominent basis for planning and management. Cultural services and non-use values are included in all major typologies and present some of the most compelling reasons for conserving ecosystems, though many barriers exist to their explicit characterization. The values that conform least well to economic assumptions-variously lumped together with/as cultural services-have proven elusive in part because valuation is complicated by the properties of intangibility and incommensurability, which has in turn led to their exclusion from economic valuation. We argue that the effectiveness of the ecosystem services framework in decision-making is thwarted by (i) conflation of services, values, and benefits, and (ii) failure to appropriately treat diverse kinds of values. We address this challenge by (1) distinguishing eight dimensions of values, which have implications for appropriate valuation and decision-making; (2) demonstrating the interconnected nature of benefits and services, and so the ubiquity of intangible values; (3) discussing the implications of these propositions for ecosystem-services research; and (4) outlining briefly a research agenda to enable decision-making that is ecologically appropriate and socially just. Because many ecosystem services (co-)produce 'cultural' benefits, full characterization of services must address non-material values through methods from diverse social sciences. 2011 Elsevier B.V..","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldstein","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"8-18","title":"Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values","type":"article-journal","volume":"74"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5847a45c-fbdb-47c9-b1cd-2edb8656695f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[75]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[75]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[75]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[75]. This has led to paucity of information needed for decision-making processes. As a result, it is reported that many CES is routinely omitted from ESS assessments in preference for more easily quantifiable options ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1114773109","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"22615401","abstract":"Cultural ecosystem services (ES) are consistently recognized but not yet adequately defined or integrated within the ES framework. A substantial body of models, methods, and data relevant to cultural services has been developed within the social and behavioral sciences before and outside of the ES approach. A selective review of work in landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance demonstrates opportunities for operationally defining cultural services in terms of socioecological models, consistent with the larger set of ES. Such models explicitly link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits, facilitating communication between scientists and stakeholders and enabling economic, multicriterion, deliberative evaluation and other methods that can clarify tradeoffs and synergies involving cultural ES. Based on this approach, a common representation is offered that frames cultural services, along with all ES, by the relative contribution of relevant ecological structures and functions and by applicable social evaluation approaches. This perspective provides a foundation for merging ecological and social science epistemologies to define and integrate cultural services better within the broader ES framework.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daniel","given":"Terry C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muhar","given":"Andreas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arnberger","given":"Arne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aznar","given":"Olivier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boyd","given":"James W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Elmqvist","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Flint","given":"Courtney G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gobster","given":"Paul H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grt-Regamey","given":"Adrienne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lave","given":"Rebecca","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muhar","given":"Susanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Penker","given":"Marianne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ribe","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schauppenlehner","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sikor","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Soloviy","given":"Ihor","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spierenburg","given":"Marja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taczanowska","given":"Karolina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tam","given":"Jordan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dunk","given":"Andreas","non-dropping-particle":"Von Der","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"23","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"8812-8819","title":"Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda","type":"article-journal","volume":"109"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a88d888a-22d4-4012-b5fc-46057a1ef75b"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.11.014","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"To create a city in which green space is designed to address not only ecological priorities but also user perception, it is essential for planners and policy makers to explore the experiences of urban green space users. This study developed a method to a guide the translation of the concept of ecosystem services to citizens. Through a three-step process urban ecosystem services were re-categorized into a subset of directly perceivable services, fine-grained and formed into understandable statements. These statements were presented to urban park users in Rotterdam using Q methodology. Three main user profiles emerged around 'love of nature', 'recreation and connection' and 'social setting and relaxation'. Overall the most valued ecosystem subservice was aesthetic appreciation. Other ecosystem subservices that scored highly were recreation, air quality control and social setting. Awareness of types of users in terms of park perception could aid urban planners in designing user-focused urban green spaces.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buchel","given":"Sophie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frantzeskaki","given":"Niki","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"169-177","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Citizens' voice: A case study about perceived ecosystem services by urban park users in Rotterdam, the Netherlands","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0017f13c-204d-4a81-aa89-6b82a6de106c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[78,87]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[78,87]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[78,87]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[78,87]. Additionally, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085831","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hirons","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comberti","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dunford","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Valuing Cultural Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b879a9fe-9bc5-459f-99dc-d5d477d91bbc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[15]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[15]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[15]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[15] report that culture is both pervasive and elusive. Culture is considered a very complex concept because of difficulties in arriving at a consensus of meaning from different disciplinary perspectives ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043123","ISSN":"03600572","abstract":"I present a brief review of problems in the sociological study of culture, followed by an integrated, interdisciplinary view of culture that eschews extreme contextualism and other orthodoxies. Culture is defined as the conjugate product of two reciprocal, componential processes. The first is a dynamically stable process of collectively made, reproduced, and unevenly shared knowledge structures that are informational and meaningful, internally embodied, and externally represented and that provide predictability, coordination equilibria, continuity, and meaning in human actions and interactions. The second is a pragmatic component of culture that grounds the first, and it has its own rules of usage and a pragmatically derived structure of practical knowledge. I also offer an account of change and draw on knowledge activation theory in exploring the microdynamics of cultural practice and propose the concept of cultural configuration as a better way of studying cultural practice in highly heterogeneous modern societies where people shift between multiple, overlapping configurations. Copyright 2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Patterson","given":"Orlando","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-30","title":"Making sense of culture","type":"article-journal","volume":"40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3045055c-faa5-4f53-82e6-6d1f41d734b4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[88]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[88]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[88]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[88]. This is primarily because of the broadening of previously static concepts of culture to include processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.033","ISSN":"03014797","PMID":"23353883","abstract":"The demand for better representation of cultural considerations in environmental management is increasingly evident. As two cases in point, ecosystem service approaches increasingly include cultural services, and resource planners recognize indigenous constituents and the cultural knowledge they hold as key to good environmental management. Accordingly, collaborations between anthropologists, planners, decision makers and biodiversity experts about the subject of culture are increasingly common-but also commonly fraught. Those whose expertise is culture often engage in such collaborations because they worry a practitioner from 'elsewhere' will employ a 'measure of culture' that is poorly or naively conceived. Those from an economic or biophysical training must grapple with the intangible properties of culture as they intersect with economic, biological or other material measures. This paper seeks to assist those who engage in collaborations to characterize cultural benefits or impacts relevant to decision-making in three ways; by: (i) considering the likely mindset of would-be collaborators; (ii) providing examples of tested approaches that might enable innovation; and (iii) characterizing the kinds of obstacles that are in principle solvable through methodological alternatives. We accomplish these tasks in part by examining three cases wherein culture was a critical variable in environmental decision making: risk management in New Zealand associated with Mori concerns about genetically modified organisms; cultural services to assist marine planning in coastal British Columbia; and a decision-making process involving a local First Nation about water flows in a regulated river in western Canada. We examine how 'culture' came to be manifest in each case, drawing from ethnographic and cultural-models interviews and using subjective metrics (recommended by theories of judgment and decision making) to express cultural concerns. We conclude that the characterization of cultural benefits and impacts is least amenable to methodological solution when prevailing cultural worldviews contain elements fundamentally at odds with efforts to quantify benefits/impacts, but that even in such cases some improvements are achievable if decision-makers are flexible regarding processes for consultation with community members and how quantification is structured. 2012.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Robin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roberts","given":"Mere","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"103-114","title":"Culture, Intangibles and metrics in environmental management","type":"article-journal","volume":"117"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b8453e1f-c5fe-4c35-847e-bdda76efdfca"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[68]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[68]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[68]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[68]. Consequently, there may not be an emergence of uniform approaches to culture but differences will persist for different purposes and contexts ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.008","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"A major strength of the ecosystem services (ESS) concept is that it allows a succinct description of how human well-being depends on nature, showing that the neglect of such dependencies has negative consequences on human well-being and the economy. As ESS refer to human needs and interests, values are to be considered when dealing with the concept in practice. As a result we argue that in using the concept there is a need to be clear about what different dimensions of value are involved, and be aware of ethical issues that might be associated with the concept. A systematic analysis of the ethical implications associated to the ESS concept is still lacking. We address this deficiency by scrutinising value dimensions associated with the concept, and use this to explore the associated ethical implications. We then highlight how improved transparency in the use of the ESS concept can contribute to using its strengths without succumbing to possible drawbacks arising from ethical problems. These problems concern the dangers that some uses of the concept have in obscuring certain types of value, and in masking unevenness in the distribution of costs and benefits that can arise in the management of ESS. 2013 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jax","given":"Kurt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barton","given":"David N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Doyle","given":"Ulrike","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eser","given":"Uta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grg","given":"Christoph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Griewald","given":"Yuliana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haber","given":"Wolfgang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heink","given":"Ulrich","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jahn","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Joosten","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kerschbaumer","given":"Lilin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Korn","given":"Horst","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luck","given":"Gary W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matzdorf","given":"Bettina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muraca","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nehver","given":"Carsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norton","given":"Bryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ott","given":"Konrad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rauschmayer","given":"Felix","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haaren","given":"Christina","non-dropping-particle":"von","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wichmann","given":"Sabine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May 2011","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"260-268","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Ecosystem services and ethics","type":"article-journal","volume":"93"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=69d7def2-cb3e-433a-a7a4-e21c330a226a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[89]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[89]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[89]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[89]. Based on the understanding of the challenges of studying and valuing CES, it is important to describe the gaps identified in literature and which will form the basis for the work in this thesis. The next session gives an analysis of the needs currently being encountered in ESS research presented using the lenses of the research questions. 2.2 Exploring the Needs in Ecosystem Service Research 2.2.1 Outstanding challenges to integrating cultural services The accepted method for economic analyses involves dealing with both supply and demand cycles. However, the majority of ESS research has focused only on the supply of ecosystem services and neglected to a large extent the demand aspect ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.0808772106","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"19179280","abstract":"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) introduced a new framework for analyzing social-ecological systems that has had wide influence in the policy and scientific communities. Studies after the MA are taking up new challenges in the basic science needed to assess, project, and manage flows of ecosystem services and effects on human well-being. Yet, our ability to draw general conclusions remains limited by focus on discipline-bound sectors of the full social-ecological system. At the same time, some polices and practices intended to improve ecosystem services and human well-being are based on untested assumptions and sparse information. The people who are affected and those who provide resources are increasingly asking for evidence that interventions improve ecosystem services and human well-being. New research is needed that considers the full ensemble of processes and feedbacks, for a range of biophysical and social systems, to better understand and manage the dynamics of the relationship between humans and the ecosystems on which they rely. Such research will expand the capacity to address fundamental questions about complex social- ecological systems while evaluating assumptions of policies and practices intended to advance human well-being through improved ecosystem services. 2009 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mooney","given":"Harold A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Agard","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Capistrano","given":"Doris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Defries","given":"Ruth S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Diaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dietz","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Duraiappah","given":"Anantha K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oteng-Yeboah","given":"Alfred","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pereira","given":"Henrique Miguel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Perrings","given":"Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Reid","given":"Walter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sarukhan","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scholes","given":"Robert J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Whyte","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"1305-1312","title":"Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"article-journal","volume":"106"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=91de1e0e-4cde-4469-a1f0-d18e23c19ac7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[90]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[90]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[90]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[90], ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.0907284107","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"20194739","abstract":"A key challenge of ecosystem management is determining how to manage multiple ecosystem services across landscapes. Enhancing important provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often leads to tradeoffs between regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, flood protection, and tourism. We developed a framework for analyzing the provision of multiple ecosystem services across landscapes and present an empirical demonstration of ecosystem service bundles, sets of services that appear together repeatedly. Ecosystem service bundles were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns of 12 ecosystem services in a mixeduse landscape consisting of 137 municipalities in Quebec, Canada. We identified six types of ecosystem service bundles and were able to link these bundles to areas on the landscape characterized by distinct social-ecological dynamics. Our results show landscapescale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and they show that a greater diversity of ecosystem services is positively correlated with the provision of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem service-bundle analysis can identify areas on a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raudsepp-Hearne","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peterson","given":"G. D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bennett","given":"E. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"5242-5247","title":"Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes","type":"article-journal","volume":"107"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6f41b84d-f631-403b-9ddd-c0be955c27f2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[91]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[91]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[91]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[91]). This is manifested in the use of only market-related values and the neglect of non-market components associated with human wellbeing ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101278","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"As an attempt to clarify the meaning of values within ecosystem services (ES) assessments, this paper proposes the integration and fine-tuning of the concept of socio-cultural values within the ES assessment framework. Firstly, it makes a conceptual clarification between biophysical, social or monetary value indicators describing the performance of a service, and socio-cultural values reflecting opinions on the importance of a (set of) service(s). Secondly, it provides a practical application to illustrate how to interpret social value indicators through their interactions with socio-cultural values. An adequate use of these socio-cultural values combined with subjective social value indicators makes it possible to take the opinion of a wide range of actors into account and to give meaning to their expressed preferences instead of blindfolding on caricaturized profiles. The case study in this paper deals with the Ardennes forests (Belgium). Wider public preferences for different structural forest characteristics (as performance-oriented ES value indicators) actually relate to different socio-cultural values. The study results reveal a mismatch between current forest management strategies and wider public preferences. This paper clearly demonstrates the potential of socio-cultural values to improve legitimacy and to foster consensus-building of decision-making in natural resource management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Breyne","given":"Johanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dufrne","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marchal","given":"Kevin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1 - 13","title":"How integrating 'socio-cultural values' into ecosystem services evaluations can give meaning to value indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"49"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d5e2692b-509f-48d4-b3e6-8796cee1ab0d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[92]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[92]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[92]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[92]. This is a fundamentally deficient system of accounting. The solution to this would be to consider the full range of ecosystem services as conveyed by a wider range of stakeholders without restrictions based on expertise. In other words, stakeholders should be integrated in environmental valuations who are not environmental expert but just normal members of the community. Such peoples perspectives must be taken into account and their perceptions of benefits accruing from ESS captured ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.044","ISSN":"10958630","PMID":"30077401","abstract":"Invasive alien species are a major driver of global environmental change and a range of management interventions are needed to manage their effects on biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well-being and local livelihoods. Stakeholder engagement is widely advocated to integrate diverse knowledge and perspectives in the management of invasive species and to deal with potential conflicts of interest. We reviewed the literature in the ISI Web of Science on stakeholder engagement (the process of involving stakeholders (actors) in decision making, management actions and knowledge creation) in invasion science to assess and understand what has been done (looking at approaches and methodologies used, stakeholders involved, and outcomes from engagement) and to make recommendations for future work. Research on stakeholder engagement in invasion science has increased over the last decade, helping to improve scientific knowledge and contributing towards policy formulation and co-implementation of management. However, many challenges remain and engagement could be made more effective. For example, most studies engage only one stakeholder group passively using questionnaires, primarily for assessing local knowledge and perceptions. Although useful for management and policy planning, these stakeholders are not active participants and there is no two-way flow of knowledge. To make stakeholder involvement more useful, we encourage more integrative and collaborative engagement to (1) improve co-design, co-creation and co-implementation of research and management actions; (2) promote social learning and provide feedback to stakeholders; (3) enhance collaboration and partnerships beyond the natural sciences and academia (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration); and (4) discuss some practical and policy suggestions for improving stakeholder engagement in invasion science research and management. This will help facilitate different stakeholders to work better together, allowing problems associated with biological invasions to be tackled more holistically and successfully.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shackleton","given":"Ross T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adriaens","given":"Tim","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brundu","given":"Giuseppe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dehnen-Schmutz","given":"Katharina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Estvez","given":"Rodrigo A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fried","given":"Jana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larson","given":"Brendon 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academia?","type":"article-journal","volume":"67"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=91ee2e27-e61c-4628-ac0f-550449878b02"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[9395]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[9395]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[9395]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[9395]. The need to integrate diverse cultural perceptions and indeed view these services with cultural lenses is the focus and the main agenda of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). The IPBES formulated a new concept which they termed Natures Contributions to People (NCP) as a replacement for the term Ecosystem Services (ESS). The NCP represents all the contributions (both negative and positive) that nature makes to people. It provides for 2 lenses a generalizing perspective which accepts that nature and humans are distinct and separate, and a context-specific perspective which views humans and other-than-human systems as being one and intricately linked ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.aap8826","ISSN":"10959203","PMID":"29348221","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stenseke","given":"Marie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Robert T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molnr","given":"Zsolt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hill","given":"Rosemary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baste","given":"Ivar A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brauman","given":"Kate A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Polasky","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lonsdale","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larigauderie","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leadley","given":"Paul W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oudenhoven","given":"Alexander P.E.","non-dropping-particle":"Van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plaat","given":"Felice","non-dropping-particle":"Van Der","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schrter","given":"Matthias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aumeeruddy-Thomas","given":"Yildiz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bukvareva","given":"Elena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Demissew","given":"Sebsebe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Erpul","given":"Gunay","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Failler","given":"Pierre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guerra","given":"Carlos A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hewitt","given":"Chad L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Keune","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lindley","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shirayama","given":"Yoshihisa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6373","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"270-272","title":"Assessing natures contributions to people: Recognizing culture, and diverse sources of knowledge, can improve assessments","type":"article-journal","volume":"359"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=66d90b7d-be29-4766-b35d-009f18a26dbd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[42]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[42]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[42]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[42]. The generalizing perspective is well aligned with the conventional economics but the context-specific perspective allows for and accommodates the intangible and non-market values in valuation processes. Interestingly the NCP approach recognizes that the two views should be included in valuation studies. However, it views culture as crucial in understanding the links between humans and their biophysical environment and calls for the integration and operationalization of indigenous and local knowledge in studies. 2.2.2 The need to consider all stakeholders Stakeholder perspectives remain a very vital consideration in ecosystem service research ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101089","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Galician communal forests are private lands collectively owned by the neighbours of the rural settlement where they are located. Their societal role shifted from the support of the traditional agrarian system in the past, to a variety of situations nowadays. The intrinsic characteristics of these social-ecological units make them a promising opportunity for rural development in the region that calls for more scientific attention on the arena of ecosystem services. In this study, we investigated the social perception and valuation of a comprehensive range of ecosystem services and disservices on the peri-urban communal forests of Mount Xalo (NW Spain), distinguishing among the perspectives of landowners and various visitor types. For this, we used a socio-cultural approach consisting of 175 semi-quantitative surveys that included a basic Public Participation Geographic Information System. Our results showed that Mt. Xalo is a well recognised provider of ecosystem services that constitutes a local hotspot in the region. The most frequently perceived and most valued ecosystem services within ecosystem services classes were the provision of drinking water, the practice of sports, climate regulation and a group of three cognitive cultural ecosystem services: socializing, mythical features and sense of place. Nevertheless, nuances were noticed among landowners and visitor types following a ruralurban gradient where landowners and urban users presented the most significant differences. These findings address recognition to the actual role of these communal forests for society and call for collaboration with public institutions to facilitate the sustainable management of their resources.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodrguez-Morales","given":"Beatriz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Roces-Daz","given":"Jos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kelemen","given":"Eszter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pataki","given":"Gyrgy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz-Varela","given":"Emilio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"January","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"101089","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Perception of ecosystem services and disservices on a peri-urban communal forest: Are landowners and visitors perspectives dissimilar?","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=92fcf186-3407-45de-b216-ca72c4f854ab"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[96]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[96]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[96]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[96]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.12.004","ISSN":"1470160X","abstract":"The evaluation of landscape services essentially deals with the complex and dynamic relationships between humans and their environment. When it comes to landscape management and the evaluation of the benefits these services provide for our well-being, there is a limited representation of stakeholder and intangible values on the land. Stakeholder knowledge is essential, since disciplinary expert evaluations and existing proxy data on landscape services can reveal little of the landscape benefits to the local stakeholders. This paper aims at evaluating the potential of using local stakeholders as key informants in the spatial assessment of landscape service indicators. A methodological approach is applied in the context of a rural village environment in Tanzania, Zanzibar, where local, spatially sensitive stakeholder knowledge is crucial in solving land management challenges as the resources are used extensively for supporting community livelihoods and are threatened by economic uses and agricultural expansion. A typology of 19 different material and non-material, cultural landscape service indicators is established and, in semi-structured interviews, community stakeholders map these indicators individually on an aerial image. The landscape service indicators are described and spatially analysed in order to establish an understanding of landscape level service structures, patterns and relationships. The results show that community involvement and participatory mapping enhance the assessment of landscape services. These benefits from nature demonstrate spatial clustering and co-existence, but simultaneously also a tendency for spatial dispersion, and suggest that there is far more heterogeneity and sensitivity in the ways the benefits are distributed in relation to actual land resources. Many material landscape service indicators are individually based and spatially scattered in the landscape. However, the well-being of communities is also dependent on the non-material services, pointing out shared places of social interaction and cultural traditions. Both material and non-material services are preferred closest to settlements where the highest intensity, richness and diversity are found. Based on the results, the paper discusses the role of local stakeholders as experts in landscape service assessments and implications for local level management processes. 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A few special landscapes may have 'universal' or 'outstanding' values, but almost all landscapes will be valued in multiple ways by those people who are closely associated with them. It is important that those making decisions affecting landscapes are aware of the potential nature and range of cultural values, particularly where these values are not accounted for using standardised landscape assessment techniques. This article describes the development of the Cultural Values Model, which offers an integrated conceptual framework for understanding the potential range of values that might be present within a landscape, and the potential dynamics between these values. The model emerged out of community-based research undertaken in two landscapes in New Zealand, and is discussed in the context of the contribution that landscapes can make to cultural identity and sustainability. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stephenson","given":"Janet","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"127-139","title":"The Cultural Values Model: An integrated approach to values in landscapes","type":"article-journal","volume":"84"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f8bdbae-a7fe-4dac-a737-33d7354bd550"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-01353-100214","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Ecosystem services are essential for human well-being, but the links between ecosystem services and human well-being are complex, diverse, context-dependent, and complicated by the need to consider different spatial and temporal scales to assess them properly. We present the results of a study in the rural community of Sistelo in northern Portugal that formed part of the Portugal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The main purpose of our study was to assess the linkages between human well-being and ecosystem services at the local level, as perceived by the community. We used a range of tools that included participatory rural appraisal and rapid rural appraisal as well as other field methods such as direct observation, familiarization and participation in activities, semistructured interviews, trend lines, well-being ranking, and other ranking and scoring exercises. Sistelo has a unique landscape of agricultural terraces that are now being abandoned because of the depopulation of the region, a common trend in mountainous rural areas of Europe. From the community perspective, some components of well-being such as material well-being have been improving, whereas some ecosystem services, e.g., food production, have been declining. Although a few of the local criteria for well-being are closely related to local ecosystem services, most of them are not. People recognize many of the services provided by ecosystems, in particular, provisioning, cultural, and regulating services, although they feel that provisioning services are the most important for well-being. It is apparent that, for the Sistelo community, there is an increasing disconnect between local well-being and at least some local ecosystem services. This disconnect is associated with greater freedom of choice at the local level, which gives the local inhabitants the power to find substitutes for ecosystem services. The consequences of land abandonment for human well-being and ecosystem services at different temporal and spatial scales are discussed. Copyright 2005 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pereira","given":"Elvira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Queiroz","given":"Cibele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pereira","given":"Henrique Miguel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vicente","given":"Luis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"title":"Ecosystem services and human well-being: A participatory study in a mountain community in Portugal","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6a43d76b-fee2-4f0b-8f62-f42461e0e834"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.0808772106","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"19179280","abstract":"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) introduced a new framework for analyzing social-ecological systems that has had wide influence in the policy and scientific communities. Studies after the MA are taking up new challenges in the basic science needed to assess, project, and manage flows of ecosystem services and effects on human well-being. Yet, our ability to draw general conclusions remains limited by focus on discipline-bound sectors of the full social-ecological system. At the same time, some polices and practices intended to improve ecosystem services and human well-being are based on untested assumptions and sparse information. The people who are affected and those who provide resources are increasingly asking for evidence that interventions improve ecosystem services and human well-being. New research is needed that considers the full ensemble of processes and feedbacks, for a range of biophysical and social systems, to better understand and manage the dynamics of the relationship between humans and the ecosystems on which they rely. Such research will expand the capacity to address fundamental questions about complex social- ecological systems while evaluating assumptions of policies and practices intended to advance human well-being through improved ecosystem services. 2009 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mooney","given":"Harold A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Agard","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Capistrano","given":"Doris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Defries","given":"Ruth S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Diaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dietz","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Duraiappah","given":"Anantha K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oteng-Yeboah","given":"Alfred","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pereira","given":"Henrique Miguel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Perrings","given":"Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"Reid","given":"Walter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sarukhan","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scholes","given":"Robert J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Whyte","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"1305-1312","title":"Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"article-journal","volume":"106"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=91de1e0e-4cde-4469-a1f0-d18e23c19ac7"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"abstract":"The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) is affecting a number of critical benefits, or ecosystem services. We review the main ecological services across a variety of ECEs, including marshes, mangroves, nearshore coral reefs, seagrass beds, and sand beaches and dunes. Where possible, we indicate estimates of the key economic values arising from these services, and discuss how the natural variability of ECEs impacts their benefits, the synergistic relationships of ECEs across seascapes, and management implications. Although reliable valuation estimates are beginning to emerge for the key services of some ECEs, such as coral reefs, salt marshes, and mangroves, many of the important benefits of seagrass beds and sand dunes and beaches have not been assessed properly. Even for coral reefs, marshes, and mangroves, important ecological services have yet to be valued reliably, such as cross-ecosystem nutrient transfer (coral reefs), erosion control (marshes), and pollution control (mangroves). An important issue for valuing certain ECE services, such as coastal protection and habitatfishery linkages, is that the ecological functions underlying these services vary spatially and temporally. Allowing for the connectivity between ECE habitats also may have important implications for assessing the ecological functions underlying key ecosystems services, such coastal protection, control of erosion, and habitatfishery linkages. Finally, we conclude by suggesting an action plan for protecting and/or enhancing the immediate and longer-term values of ECE services. Because the connectivity of ECEs across landsea gradients also influences the provision of certain ecosystem services, management of the entire seascape will be necessary to preserve such synergistic effects. Other key elements of an action plan include further ecological and economic collaborative research on valuing ECE services, improving institutional and legal frameworks for management, controlling and regulating destructive economic activities, and developing ecological restoration options.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbier EB","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hacker SD","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kennedy C","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koch EW","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stier AC","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Silliman BR","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Monographs","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"169193","title":"The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"81(2)"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f72d580-5f53-4171-80b5-a3d8b032c218"]},{"id":"ITEM-6","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.011","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The Ecosystem Services Journal starts in 2012 with a formidable basis in the reports and books from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and TEEB projects. Following a half-century history of growing awareness and associated scientific based policy development a bridging concept with natural and social science notions was developed and coined \"ecosystem services\". The agenda for the journal Ecosystem Services, presented in this introductory paper to the Journal Ecosystem Services is aimed at scientists and policy analysts who consider contributing to better knowledge and better use of that knowledge about ecosystem services. This should include knowledge of the ecological systems that provide the services, the economic systems that benefit from them, and the institutions that need to develop effective codes for a sustainable use. The agenda is derived from the experience of the authors in science and policy analysis and extended with some of the recommendations from the TEEB book for national and international policy making emphasising the science-policy-practice linkage, which is the philosophy of the Journal. 2012 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Braat","given":"Leon C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-6","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"4-15","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"The ecosystem services agenda:bridging the worlds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e9e24f53-0b78-470e-a933-2011103362fa"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[69,90,97100]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[69,90,97100]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[69,90,97100]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[69,90,97100]. Its importance is further emphasized when the focus is on cultural ecosystem services that involve multiple value dimensions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.08.026","ISSN":"09645691","abstract":"Ecosystem services are embedded with multiple values. Capturing and integrating plural perspectives when conducting ecosystem services studies is a recognized need and yet a challenge. This paper proposes a participatory approach that fosters articulation of values allowing the integration of different value dimensions to inform decision-making processes, an important challenge that has been gaining traction in the field of ecosystem services research. Using participation as a value articulating institution, stakeholder groups of the Portuguese marine and coastal Arrbida Natural Park were engaged in a participatory process that included a collaborative workshop to articulate value dimensions expressed by ecological, economic and social criteria in two different contexts: the assessment of project alternatives for regulating access to beaches and recreational activities and a conflict related with allocation of coastal vineyard areas. Results demonstrate that the proposed deliberative process fostered changes in participants initial mental models and created new insights, namely by generating additional alternatives, expanding perceptions on affected ES, and helping the formalization of multiple evaluation criteria and decision rules, thus supporting decision-making in marine and coastal protected areas.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lopes","given":"Rita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Videira","given":"Nuno","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ocean and Coastal Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May 2017","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"215-224","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Bringing stakeholders together to articulate multiple value dimensions of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"165"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=10eb3f0c-ed77-4403-a48c-d0266e0e68d7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[101]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[101]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[101]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[101]. Stakeholders are defined as those who are affected by or can affect a decision A pertinent question to ask is What kinds of stakeholders should be involved in ESS research? Several studies provide useful insight for dealing with this. For example ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Various sectors of stakeholders (urban, agricultural, policymakers, etc.) are frequently engaged in participatory research projects aimed at improving water resources sustainability. However, a process for comprehensive and integrative identification, classification, and engagement of all types of water stakeholders for a region or river basin, especially in a transboundary context, is missing for water resources research projects. Our objective was to develop a systematic approach to identifying and classifying water stakeholders, and engage them in a discussion of water futures, as a foundation for a participatory modeling research project to address the wicked water resource problems of the Middle Rio Grande basin on the U.S./Mexico border. This part of the Rio Grande basin can be characterized as having limited and dwindling supplies of water, increasing demands for water from multiple sectors, and a segmented governance system spanning two U.S. states and two countries. These challenges are being exacerbated by climate change; a transitioning agriculture to more water demanding, high value crops; urbanization; and growing demand for environmental services. Moving forward, a core question for this region is how can water be managed so that the three competing sectorsagricultural, urban, and environmentalcan realize a sustainable future in this challenged water system? We identified the major water-using sectors who represent competing demands as including agricultural, municipal, self-supplied industrial users, environmental, and a sector we labeled social justice, comprised of individuals who lack access to potable water, or who represent groups who advocate for access to water. We included stakeholders from both the U.S. and Mexico, which is seldom done, who share transboundary water resources in the region. We hosted a series of stakeholder dialogues and obtained results that identified and described their vision for the future of water; challenges to be overcome; and important research questions that could be addressed using participatory modeling approaches. Four broad themes common to multiple sectors emerged: (1) quantity, drought, and scarcity; (2) quality/salinization; (3) urbanization; and (4) conservation and sustainability. Each sector expressed distinctive views regarding the future of water. Agricultural stakeholders, in particular, had strong feelings of ownership of water rights as part of land ownership and a concomitant sense ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hargrove","given":"William L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyman, Josiah","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Land","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"119","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"21","title":"A Comprehensive Process for Stakeholder Water Resources Problems","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6efab759-49c9-4ca2-abe4-e0b4dfb711ba"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[102]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[102]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[102]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[102] carried out extensive studies to develop a systematic approach for identifying, classifying and engaging stakeholders for water resource management. In addition, a distinction is made between different categories of stakeholders and publics. Specifically, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.009","ISSN":"0277-9536","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Degeling","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carter","given":"Stacy M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rychetnik","given":"Lucie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Social Science & Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"114-121","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Social Science & Medicine Which public and why deliberate ? e A scoping review of public deliberation in public health and health policy research","type":"article-journal","volume":"131"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c79997bb-690c-4b22-89dc-526264bf0a28"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[103]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[103]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[103]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[103] differentiated between citizens (lay people, the pure public), consumers (service users, the affected public), and advocates (experts and interest groups, acting as the partisan public). This classification may be considered an indication of the levels and types of engagement carried out. There is now a new advocacy for high levels of local stakeholder involvement in which management is decentralized to the smallest appropriate scale ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.005","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The potential for developing the participatory dimensions of the Ecosystem Approach are examined through the work of Habermas to guide the design of Deliberative Democratic Monetary Valuation (DDMV) and elicit social willingness to pay. DDMV is contrasted with Deliberated Preferences approaches, which are a deliberative adaptation of stated preference techniques and comprise almost all Deliberative Monetary Valuation studies so far. In a detailed case study where coastal and marine cultural ecosystem services were set within a broader societal context, DDMV was undertaken through three iterative workshops involving a single group of participants representing local residents and different interests across the public, private and third sectors. The use of DDMV generates insights into its potential for securing a socially sustainable route to environmental management: sustainable development that brings together values for ecosystem services with other social priorities, is more inclusive of diverse user needs and values, and is sensitive to issues of environmental justice. As well as highlighting the benefits and challenges that a more democratic deliberative valuation presents, we highlight the practical strengths and vulnerabilities of this approach and indicate directions for further methodological evolution of DDMV.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Ros","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"308-318","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Deliberative Democratic Monetary Valuation to implement the Ecosystem Approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=659297f2-d77d-42dd-b493-c68c7716c898"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[104]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[104]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[104]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[104] with calls for some form of responsibility transfer from institutional actors and experts to other stakeholders, target groups and citizens - users targeted by, affected by or simply interested in the decision ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.4324/9780203155677","ISBN":"9781136581342","abstract":"Due to their specificity, environmental problems are difficult to govern using standard policy tools. The transgression of the traditional political scale, the intersectorial nature of the problems, and the desynchronization of the impact of human activity on the environment, have resulted in the emergence of policies that champion co-responsibility (inter-territorial, intersectorial, intergenerational). This tendency is evidenced by politics which reinforce explicit interdependen- cies between territories, and by devices which serve to make social actors aware of their responsibilities (in regards to the environment). These environmental devices represent a new and increasing trend in the regulation of collective environmental problems, in that they place greater emphasis on shifting the social practices of individuals (alternate forms of consumption, travel, etc.). This text exposes these mechanisms aimed at making people more responsible. It explores the range and the limits of environmental governance","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Denis","given":"Salles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"S.A.P.I.EN.S","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1 - 7","title":"Environmental governance","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=75499323-a835-4539-afd7-1ab983ce3ccc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[105]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[105]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[105]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[105]. Even then, stakeholder engagement should require the incorporation of best practices that ensure a balance of power achieved through highly skilled facilitation and an integration of local and scientific knowledge ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"title":"Stakeholder participation for environmental management : A literature review","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fd5253c0-62b4-4c5b-848f-9fd0b6bd9a34"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[106]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[106]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[106]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[106]. 2.3 Localization of Ecosystem Service Research 2.3.1 Indigenous and Local Knowledge Several studies have been carried out on local and indigenous knowledge and its importance in the study of the environment including to what extent it should be integrated in decision making ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10745-016-9811-3","abstract":"Detecting ecological change is a critical first step in the process of local-level adaptation, yet few studies have ex- plored the factors that predict knowledge acquisition following catastrophic events. This article empirically assesses individual variation in the ability ofSolomon Islanders to detect ecological change following the alteration of local, shallow-water, marine environments by a major tsunami. We compare the results of marine science surveys with local ecological knowledge of the benthos. We also examine multiple socioeconomic variables, and employ social network analysis to measure the influence ofsocial and expert networks. Results show that villagers with salaried work who are at the intersection of local and global knowledge were the most adept at detecting tsunami-induced changes to benthic surfaces. Social networks had no statistically significant influence on villagers abilities to detect change. We argue that these results counter common conceptualizations of indigenous knowledge that emphasize its normative, shared, inter-generationally transmitted characteristics rather than its heterogeneity, emergence, and practical application. Our find- ings have implications for theory about the foundations of in- digenous knowledge research and the design ofdisaster mitiga- tion efforts or resource management programs that incorporate indigenous ecological knowledge.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matera","given":"Jaime","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Human Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"33 -46","title":"Who Detects Ecological Change After Catastrophic Events ? Indigenous Knowledge , Social Networks , and Situated Practices","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7c754dc5-fecf-4fd7-bc6b-7e54aa18a564"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[107]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[107]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[107]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[107]. It is being studied in disaster management ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.envhaz.2006.11.001","ISSN":"17477891","abstract":"The benefits of indigenous knowledge within disaster risk reduction are gradually being acknowledged and identified. However, despite this acknowledgement there continues to be a gap in reaching the right people with the correct strategies for disaster risk reduction. This paper identifies the need for a specific framework identifying how indigenous and western knowledge may be combined to mitigate against the intrinsic effects of environmental processes and therefore reduce the vulnerability of rural indigenous communities in small island developing states (SIDS) to environmental hazards. This involves a review of the impacts of environmental processes and their intrinsic effects upon rural indigenous communities in SIDS and how indigenous knowledge has contributed to their coping capacity. The paper concludes that the vulnerability of indigenous communities in SIDS to environmental hazards can only be addressed through the utilisation of both indigenous and Western knowledge in a culturally compatible and sustainable manner. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mercer","given":"Jessica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dominey-Howes","given":"Dale","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kelman","given":"Ilan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lloyd","given":"Kate","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Hazards","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"245-256","title":"The potential for combining indigenous and western knowledge in reducing vulnerability to environmental hazards in small island developing states","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b6986dd-84df-478f-a228-ee4229608e22"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[108]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[108]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[108]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[108]; sustainable development ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"09707077","abstract":"Indigenous groups offer alternative knowledge and perspectives based on their own locally developed practices of resource use. We surveyed the international lit- erature to focus on the role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in monitoring, responding to, and managing ecosystem processes and functions, with special attention to ecological resilience. Case studies revealed that there exists a diversity of local or traditional practices for ecosystem management. These include multiple species management, resource rotation, succession management, landscape patchiness management, and other ways of responding to and managing pulses and ecological surprises. Social mechanisms behind these traditional practices include a number ofadaptations for the generation, accumulation, and transmission of knowledge; the use of local institutions to provide leaders/stewards and rules for social regulation; mechanisms for cultural internalization of traditional practices; and the devel- opment of appropriate world views and cultural values. Some traditional knowledge and management systems were characterized by the use of local ecological knowledge to in- terpret and respond to feedbacks from the environment to guide the direction of resource management. These traditional systems had certain similarities to adaptive management with its emphasis on feedback learning, and its treatment of uncertainty and unpredictability intrinsic to all ecosystems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berkes","given":"Fikret","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Colding","given":"Johan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Folke","given":"Carl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Applications","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"1251 - 1262","title":"REDISCOVERY OF TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AS ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6c4d23b7-d3f3-456d-ab8b-69788cb55ea8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[109]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[109]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[109]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[109] etc. While some studies are cautious as to the extent of acceptance, others advocate that it has a strong potential in aiding management decisions. For example, some studies recognize that there are conceptual, methodological, practical, and ethical challenges in studying and applying indigenous knowledge ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0705619044","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carothers","given":"Courtney","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moritz","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zarger","given":"Rebecca","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"3-5","title":"Introduction : conceptual , methodological , practical , and ethical challenges","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=49b0809e-dc14-456e-a3b4-f304b16024c0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[110]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[110]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[110]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[110]. However, others argue that the problems associated with co-opting indigenous knowledge into scientific discourses can be resolved by conceptualizing indigenous knowledge as a way of knowing, a process or practice rather than what is known hence advocating for more emphasis on epistemology and less on content ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1464993413486549","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Briggs","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Progress in Development Studies","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"title":"Indigenous knowledge: A false dawn for development theory and practice?","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f541ff0-2a35-4ec0-b6b2-c25d5e4b61f4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[111]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[111]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[111]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[111]. Whichever divide one is in, the concept of indigenous ecological knowledge cannot be disregarded as studies have shown that they are critical and important in the governance and survival of local communities. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Oral Traditions or Situated Practices? Understanding How Indigenous Communities Respond to Environmental Disasters","type":"article-journal","volume":"71"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=67699b00-134d-4ba4-8622-391129e9858b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[112]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[112]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[112]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[112] reports how indigenous fisher folk responded effectively to an ecological disaster in the Western Solomon Islands. These responses were linked to intergenerationally transmitted oral histories, stories and myths. To a large extent, these indigenous knowledges have proven to be resilient and deeply embedded in the socio-economic and cultural environments in which they are found ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Briggs","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moyo","given":"B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1-17","title":"The resilience of indigenous knowledge in small-scale African agriculture: key drivers","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b2eb6caf-77d7-48f4-8499-858e3b04612b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[113]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[113]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[113]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[113]. Another study reports difficulty in understanding the tacit and embodied character of indigenous and local ecological knowledge ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/08941920.2020.1729911","ISSN":"15210723","abstract":"Indigenous and Local Ecological Knowledge (ILEK) has been recognized for its potential and contribution to sustainable use of natural resources. It has proven difficult, however, to investigate and observe its tacit and embodied character. The objective of this article is to explore ways in which we can theoretically and methodologically understand ILEK. It does so by theorizing ILEK as craftsmanship using literature on practice theory, and analyzing the tacit and embodied nature of craftsmanship of a Smi craftswoman and an archipelago fisherman through the use of visual methods. Results of this study are used to analyze and discuss how craftsmanship reproduces ILEK and its potential to contribute to environmental sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mellegrd","given":"Viveca","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boonstra","given":"Wiebren J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Society and Natural Resources","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1252-1272","publisher":"Routledge","title":"Craftsmanship as a Carrier of Indigenous and Local Ecological Knowledge: Photographic Insights from Smi Duodji and Archipelago Fishing","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0d1fc2e9-a75b-4449-957d-9c31b1295876"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[114]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[114]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[114]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[114]; a situation which can be ameliorated using values based approaches as reported by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23]. 2.3.2 Situated Knowledge and Practice Closely aligned with indigenous knowledge is the concept of situated knowledge. These are peculiar practices engaged by the locals and tailored to their own specific needs and conditions. These are not textbook practices but ingenious innovations by indigenous people to overcome challenges, meet needs or live peacefully. Situated knowledge is a knowledge that is embedded in and thus affected by the concrete historical, cultural, linguistic, and value context of the knowing person (APA Dictionary of Psychology). This is critical in determining the success or otherwise of policy interventions in a community. For example, the payment for ecosystem services (PES) initiative is an economic approach to conserving biodiversity. However, its efficiency and effectiveness was greatly affected by negotiations with and actions of local stakeholders ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/dech.12539","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"He","given":"Jun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Situated Payments for Ecosystem Services : Local Agencies in the Implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Programme in Southwest China","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=192722a9-f588-436d-8e07-c4aa51f78513"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[115]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[115]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[115]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[115]. Hence, approaching knowledge as a situated practice draws attention to the contexts of engagement ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01135.x","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aswani","given":"S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"317-329","title":"Indigenous Ecological Knowledge as Situated","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b5ac7f44-59f8-47a2-b131-f2513fe9e76d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[116]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[116]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[116]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[116]. 2.4 Deliberation Deliberation in a group context has been defined by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1017/cbo9781139175005.004","ISBN":"9781139175005","abstract":"It is sometimes assumed that voting is the central mechanism for political decision-making. The contributors to this volume focus on an alternative mechanism, that is decision by discussion or deliberation. The original contributions include case studies based on historical and current instances of deliberative democracy, normative discussion of the merits of deliberation compared to other models of collective decision-making, and studies of the conditions under which it tends to improve the quality of decisions. This volume is characterized by a realistic approach to the issue of deliberative democracy. Rather than assuming that deliberative democracy is always ideal, the authors critically probe its limits and weaknesses as well as its strengths.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fearon","given":"James D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Deliberative Democracy","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]},"page":"44-68","title":"Deliberation as Discussion","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dd94346-a473-4541-a52e-4b79cd82cd03"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[117]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[117]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[117]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[117] as a sort of discussion that involves the careful and serious weighing of reasons for and against some proposition. This is in contrast to an interior process by which an individual weighs reasons for and against courses of action. 2.4.1 Deliberation and the Formation of Values Deliberation has been found to be useful in promoting changes in understanding, behaviour, practices and decisions of groups. It is necessary to examine how this concept affects values formation and alignment, including its involvement in how and to what extent values become shared and expressed in group settings ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.015","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"It is increasingly argued that preferences and values for complex goods such as ecosystem services are not pre-formed but need to be generated through a process of deliberation and learning. While the number of studies incorporating deliberation in monetary and non-monetary valuation of ecosystem services is increasing, there is a limited theoretical basis to how values are influenced and shaped in social valuation processes. In this paper we present the Deliberative Value Formation (DVF) model, a new theoretical model for deliberative valuation informed by social-psychological theory. Anchored within a broader theoretical framework around shared and plural values, the DVF model identifies a range of potential positive (e.g. learning) and negative (e.g. social desirability bias) outcomes of deliberation and key factors that influence outcomes (e.g. ability to deliberate, institutional factors, power dynamics). It also conceptualises how values may be formed by translating transcendental values, our principles and life goals, into more specific contextual values. Underpinned by this theoretical model, we present a six-step template for designing deliberative valuation processes. The DVF provides a theoretical and methodological framework for more rigorous monetary and non-monetary deliberative valuation, and enables more effective integration of social learning and plural knowledges and values in valuation and decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"194-207","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"The Deliberative Value Formation model","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=abd4e8e0-0ace-4f01-b4e2-c104791c7f19"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[118]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[118]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[118]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[118]. The formation of values during the deliberative process is thought to occur through the phenomenon termed social learning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Social learning is increasingly becoming a normative goal in natural resource management and policy. However, there remains little consensus over its meaning or theoretical basis. There are still considerable differences in understanding of the concept in the literature, including a number of articles published in Ecology & Society. Social learning is often conflated with other concepts such as participation and proenvironmental behavior, and there is often little distinction made between individual and wider social learning. Many unsubstantiated claims for social learning exist, and there is frequently confusion between the concept itself and its potential outcomes. This lack of conceptual clarity has limited our capacity to assess whether social learning has occurred, and if so, what kind of learning has taken place, to what extent, between whom, when, and how. This response attempts to provide greater clarity on the conceptual basis for social learning. We argue that to be considered social learning, a process must: (1) demonstrate that a change in understanding has taken place in the individuals involved; (2) demonstrate that this change goes beyond the individual and becomes situated within wider social units or communities of practice; and (3) occur through social interactions and processes between actors within a social network. A clearer picture of what we mean by social learning could enhance our ability to critically evaluate outcomes and better understand the processes through which social learning occurs. In this way, it may be possible to better facilitate the desired outcomes of social learning processes. 1969 by the author(s).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cundill","given":"Georgina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Glass","given":"Jayne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laing","given":"Adele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Newig","given":"Jens","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Parrish","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prell","given":"Christina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stringer","given":"Lindsay C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"What is social learning?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe532308-d782-4949-8f31-e630a717f81f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[119]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[119]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[119]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[119]. Many different conceptualizations of social learning have been proposed ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.016","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"This paper uses metaphor theory and analysis to explore competing and sometimes contested claims about the nature and utility of social learning. Seven metaphor clusters - performance metaphors, action metaphors, communication metaphors, governance mechanism metaphors, social learning as a paradigm, social learning as a form of cognition and social learning as a wheelbarrow full of frogs, were identified from the sustainability and natural resource management (NRM) literature. Rather than seeking to define social learning rigidly, and thus limiting its potential utility to open up spaces for innovation in NR governance, social learning can be positioned in future discourse so that it holds a cluster of revealing and concealing features. This position shifts responsibility for clarity and rigour away from the concept, useful because of its fluidity, to the user of the concept who must then articulate the way(s) in which they choose to use it. This shift is consistent with reflexive, systems practice for systemic and adaptive governance and invites practitioner responsibility rather than conceptual reification. 2013 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ison","given":"Ray","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blackmore","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Iaquinto","given":"Benjamin L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"34-42","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Towards systemic and adaptive governance: Exploring the revealing and concealing aspects of contemporary social-learning metaphors","type":"article-journal","volume":"87"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7216fc39-c484-4497-9539-2bcb397bf0a9"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Social learning is increasingly becoming a normative goal in natural resource management and policy. However, there remains little consensus over its meaning or theoretical basis. There are still considerable differences in understanding of the concept in the literature, including a number of articles published in Ecology & Society. Social learning is often conflated with other concepts such as participation and proenvironmental behavior, and there is often little distinction made between individual and wider social learning. Many unsubstantiated claims for social learning exist, and there is frequently confusion between the concept itself and its potential outcomes. This lack of conceptual clarity has limited our capacity to assess whether social learning has occurred, and if so, what kind of learning has taken place, to what extent, between whom, when, and how. This response attempts to provide greater clarity on the conceptual basis for social learning. We argue that to be considered social learning, a process must: (1) demonstrate that a change in understanding has taken place in the individuals involved; (2) demonstrate that this change goes beyond the individual and becomes situated within wider social units or communities of practice; and (3) occur through social interactions and processes between actors within a social network. A clearer picture of what we mean by social learning could enhance our ability to critically evaluate outcomes and better understand the processes through which social learning occurs. In this way, it may be possible to better facilitate the desired outcomes of social learning processes. 1969 by the author(s).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cundill","given":"Georgina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Glass","given":"Jayne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laing","given":"Adele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Newig","given":"Jens","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Parrish","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prell","given":"Christina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stringer","given":"Lindsay C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"What is social learning?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe532308-d782-4949-8f31-e630a717f81f"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.10.013","ISSN":"03014797","PMID":"22208395","abstract":"The natural resource management literature stresses the need for public participation and community involvement in resource management and planning. Recently, some of this literature turned to the theory on deliberative democracy and demonstrated that a deliberative perspective on participation can help to challenge established practices and contribute with new ideas about how to conduct participation. The purpose of this paper is to consider the latest developments in deliberative democracy and outline the implications arising from these insights for a \" deliberative turn\" in resource management. A bottom-up protected area establishment, the Gori ko Landscape Park, is examined. The empirical case is discussed from a discursive perspective, which relied on John Dryzek's approach to discourse analysis here used to explore the construction of discourses on the use of local natural resources. Two discourses are identified and the way these interfaced with the participatory park establishment process is considered. Findings indicate that advocates of the two discourses engaged differently with the participatory tools used and this had important implications for the park establishment. The case study suggests that, in contexts where participation has been recently introduced, knowledge of discourses on the use of local natural resources and of mobilization strategies actors may pursue could usefully assist in the design and implementation of participatory processes. 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodela","given":"Romina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"26-34","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Advancing the deliberative turn in natural resource management: An analysis of discourses on the use of local resources","type":"article-journal","volume":"96"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f4f070ed-f387-4548-a548-48516d4b03a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[119121]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[119121]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[119121]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[119121]. In some literature, it is the process through which learning takes place while in others, it is about the number of participants involved in the learning process. However, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Social learning is increasingly becoming a normative goal in natural resource management and policy. However, there remains little consensus over its meaning or theoretical basis. There are still considerable differences in understanding of the concept in the literature, including a number of articles published in Ecology & Society. Social learning is often conflated with other concepts such as participation and proenvironmental behavior, and there is often little distinction made between individual and wider social learning. Many unsubstantiated claims for social learning exist, and there is frequently confusion between the concept itself and its potential outcomes. This lack of conceptual clarity has limited our capacity to assess whether social learning has occurred, and if so, what kind of learning has taken place, to what extent, between whom, when, and how. This response attempts to provide greater clarity on the conceptual basis for social learning. We argue that to be considered social learning, a process must: (1) demonstrate that a change in understanding has taken place in the individuals involved; (2) demonstrate that this change goes beyond the individual and becomes situated within wider social units or communities of practice; and (3) occur through social interactions and processes between actors within a social network. A clearer picture of what we mean by social learning could enhance our ability to critically evaluate outcomes and better understand the processes through which social learning occurs. In this way, it may be possible to better facilitate the desired outcomes of social learning processes. 1969 by the author(s).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cundill","given":"Georgina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Glass","given":"Jayne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laing","given":"Adele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Newig","given":"Jens","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Parrish","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prell","given":"Christina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stringer","given":"Lindsay C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"What is social learning?","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe532308-d782-4949-8f31-e630a717f81f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[119]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[119]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[119]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[119] gives a comprehensive description of social learning as one in which there is a change in ones understanding of the world through a process of social interaction and at the scale of social units or communities of practice. Social learning, a principal component of group deliberation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/eet.525","ISSN":"1756932X","abstract":"This paper explores how deliberative workshops might enhance social learning about climate change adaptation among land managers in northwest Europe (Scotland). To date, methods for enhancing social learning in the context of adaptation and climate change have been neglected. In this study, location specific agro-meteorological indicators for both observed and future climate data were produced. The indicators were used as a basis for discussion in four deliberative workshops. The workshops sought to raise awareness of climate change issues, ensure the validity and utility of the indicators, stimulate thinking about adaptive responses and increase land managers' capacity to adapt. Land managers' adaptations to climate change fell into four broad categories: changing what they do, how they do it, when they do it or the frequency with which they do it. This paper therefore reflects on the use of deliberative workshops as an effective technique to enhance social learning regarding adapting to climate change. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McCrum","given":"Gillian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blackstock","given":"Kirsty","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matthews","given":"Keith","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rivington","given":"Mike","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miller","given":"Dave","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buchan","given":"Kevin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Policy and Governance","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"413-426","title":"Adapting to climate change in land management: The role of deliberative workshops in enhancing social learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3dc5f067-4c15-4468-aca9-07e633a87499"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[122]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[122]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[122]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[122], can result in long-lasting effects by strengthening relationships, enhancing participants understanding of differing perspectives and emergence of informed opinions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.04.011","ISSN":"09593780","abstract":"Greater recognition of the seriousness of global environmental change has led to an increase in research that assesses the vulnerability of households, communities and regions to changing environmental or economic conditions. So far, however, there has been relatively little attention given to how assessments can be conducted in ways that help build capacity for local communities to understand and find their own solutions to their problems. This paper reports on an approach that was designed and used to work with a local grass roots organization in the Solomon Islands to promote inclusivity and participation in decision-making and to build the capacity of the organization to reduce the vulnerability of communities to drivers of change. The process involved working collaboratively with the organization and training its members to conduct vulnerability assessments with communities using participatory and deliberative methods. To make best use of the learning opportunities provided by the research process, specific periods for formal reflection were incorporated for the three key stakeholders involved: the primary researchers; research assistants; and community members. Overall, the approach: (1) promoted learning about the current situation in Kahua and encouraged deeper analysis of problems; (2) built capacity for communities to manage the challenges they were facing; and (3) fostered local ownership and responsibility for problems and set precedents for future participation in decision-making. While the local organization and the communities it serves still face significant challenges, the research approach set the scene for greater local participation and effort to maintain and enhance livelihoods and wellbeing. The outcomes highlight the need for greater emphasis on embedding participatory approaches in vulnerability assessments for communities to benefit fully from the process. 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kesby","given":"Mike","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Latham","given":"Ian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wagatora","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hagasua","given":"Jude Edward","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Mike","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"713-728","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"A three-tiered approach to participatory vulnerability assessment in the Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"20"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bc4a9301-5165-48c8-990a-892277d4f491"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-04780-170209","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Interdependent human and biophysical systems are highly complex and behave in unpredictable and uncontrollable ways. Social and ecological challenges that emerge from this complexity often defy straightforward solutions, and efforts to address these problems will require not only scientific and technological capabilities but also learning and adaptation. Scenarios are a useful tool for grappling with the uncertainty and complexity of social-ecological challenges because they enable participants to build adaptive capacity through the contemplation of multiple future possibilities. Furthermore, scenarios provide a platform for social learning, which is critical to acting in the face of uncertain, complex, and conflict-laden problems. We studied the Minnesota 2050 project, a collaborative project through which citizens collectively imagined future scenarios and contemplated the implications of these possibilities for the adaptability of their social and environmental communities. Survey and interview data indicate that these participatory scenario workshops built and strengthened relationships, enhanced participants' understanding of other perspectives, and triggered systemic thinking, all of which is relevant to collective efforts to respond to social-ecological challenges through sustainable development activities. Our analysis shows that participatory scenarios can stimulate social learning by enabling participants to engage and to discuss options for coping with uncertainty through collaborative actions. Such learning can be of value to participants and to the organizations and decisions in which they are engaged, and scenario processes can be effective tools for supporting collaborative sustainable development efforts. 2012 by the author(s).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnson","given":"Kris A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dana","given":"Genya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jordan","given":"Nicholas R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Draeger","given":"Kathy J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kapuscinski","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schmitt Olabisi","given":"Laura K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reich","given":"Peter B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Using participatory scenarios to stimulate social learning for collaborative sustainable development","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f7152c6b-3da9-4553-811e-d3fd861ac481"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[123,124]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[123,124]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[123,124]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[123,124] . This is seen in deliberative workshops where stakeholder participation often leads to co-production of knowledge and has been beneficial in the conservation of social ecological systems by changing peoples understanding of and behaviour towards the natural environment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.envsci.2007.01.012","ISSN":"14629011","abstract":"Environmental policy development increasingly refers to procedural approaches where local organisational structures are set up to initiate social interactions, to establish common working methods and to formulate collective agreements. In a context of complexity and uncertainty regarding environmental issues at stake, deliberations are mostly about managing interdependencies, i.e., building agreements and implementing changes so as to reconstruct the links between natural, technical and social phenomena. We see these deliberations as situations where social learning occurs; as an iterative process of knowledge co-production (i.e., of 'knowing') among stakeholders brought into interaction. Our research aims at better understanding these processes in the context of French Atlantic coastal wetlands where multi-stakeholder platforms for decision-making have become the dominant process for implementing natural resources management policies. Our studies focus on the challenge of managing the production and application of knowledge in social settings, in which scientists themselves come to play a role. They show how scientific knowledge can acquire heuristic value when used in the context of intervention research, as well as revealing some of the ethical dilemmas this may pose for the role of researcher. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Steyaert","given":"Patrick","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barzman","given":"Marco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Billaud","given":"Jean Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brives","given":"Hlne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hubert","given":"Bernard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ollivier","given":"Guillaume","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roche","given":"Bndicte","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Science and Policy","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"537-550","title":"The role of knowledge and research in facilitating social learning among stakeholders in natural resources management in the French Atlantic coastal wetlands","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=767a5d6b-3510-4350-acad-ef75a0d033c4"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/0022022110396916","ISSN":"00220221","abstract":"Understanding value stability and change is essential for understanding values of both individuals and cultures.Yet theoretical thinking and empirical evidence on this topic have been scarce. In this article, the authors suggest a model outlining processes of individual value change. This model proposes that value change can occur through automatic and effortful routes. They identify five facilitators of value change (priming, adaptation, identification, consistency maintenance, and direct persuasion) and consider the moderating role of culture in each. In addition, the authors discuss the roles of culture, personal values, and traits as general moderators of value change. Evidence on the structure of value change and the effects of age on value change are also reviewed. The Author(s) 2011.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bardi","given":"Anat","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goodwin","given":"Robin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"271-287","title":"The dual route to value change: Individual processes and cultural moderators","type":"article-journal","volume":"42"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=73da0aeb-0a59-4818-ab0a-1ea43a0a1981"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[125,126]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[125,126]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[125,126]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[125,126]. A further argument about deliberation is the extent to which it influences change and values formation. Here, a distinction is made between medium-term and shorter-term deliberation. Medium-term deliberative processes are said to occur over a period of weeks or even months, e.g. an ongoing political negotiation where people are swayed into taking decisions and forming shared values on the basis of superior arguments or more altruistic environmental interests (Gifford, 2008; Miller, 2000). Although ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/eet.525","ISSN":"1756932X","abstract":"This paper explores how deliberative workshops might enhance social learning about climate change adaptation among land managers in northwest Europe (Scotland). To date, methods for enhancing social learning in the context of adaptation and climate change have been neglected. In this study, location specific agro-meteorological indicators for both observed and future climate data were produced. The indicators were used as a basis for discussion in four deliberative workshops. The workshops sought to raise awareness of climate change issues, ensure the validity and utility of the indicators, stimulate thinking about adaptive responses and increase land managers' capacity to adapt. Land managers' adaptations to climate change fell into four broad categories: changing what they do, how they do it, when they do it or the frequency with which they do it. This paper therefore reflects on the use of deliberative workshops as an effective technique to enhance social learning regarding adapting to climate change. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McCrum","given":"Gillian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blackstock","given":"Kirsty","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matthews","given":"Keith","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rivington","given":"Mike","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miller","given":"Dave","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buchan","given":"Kevin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Policy and Governance","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"413-426","title":"Adapting to climate change in land management: The role of deliberative workshops in enhancing social learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3dc5f067-4c15-4468-aca9-07e633a87499"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[122]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[122]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[122]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[122] argues that the shorter-term deliberative processes may not result in changing contextual values, evidence abounds that they are nonetheless useful in short-term interventions that can still lead to value change. An excellent example of shorter-term deliberations is facilitated workshops which have been implicated in value change and modification in diverse environmental, political and cultural scenarios ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/10584600701807836","ISSN":"10584609","abstract":"Previous research has found that face-to-face deliberation can result in aggregate shifts in participants' political views. What is less well known is how such attitude changes vary depending on individual attributes and the nature of a group's deliberation. The present study extends prior research by exploring the relationship between participant ideology and attitude change in small, face-to-face groups. To test a set of hypotheses and research questions, 57 zero-history groups discussed three different public problems for 30-60 minutes, and each participant completed pre- and postdiscussion questionnaires. Participant ideology had a clear association with changes on specific discussion-related issues, but participants from every ideological group experienced increased differentiation between ideologically distinct attitudes. Within-group variance in attitude change was positively correlated with average group scores on self-reported measures of deliberation, extraversion, and conscientiousness. The conclusion discusses these and other findings in relation to future research and public deliberation programs.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gastil","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Black","given":"Laura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moscovitz","given":"Kara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Political Communication","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"23-46","title":"Ideology, attitude change, and deliberation in small face-to-face groups","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=83fc7738-66c4-481b-8e60-c43c85cc78da"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Deliberative monetary valuation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional stated preference studies of ecosystem services. It promises to give respondents a better basis for decision-making by exposing them to a more diverse set of knowledge, arguments and opinions through group discussion. However, under certain conditions, small groups may fail to effectively pool the individual knowledge of their members. This paper examines the impact of the initial distribution of individual preferences in discussion groups on the outcome of deliberative choice experiments. Drawing on a deliberative monetary valuation study of forest ecosystem services in West Saxony, Germany, it is shown that the initial preference distribution in groups influences both the diversity of arguments exchanged during group discussions and respondents' consideration of the costs of environmental policies. Furthermore, results indicate that respondents' post-discussion willingness-to-pay is affected by the initial preference distribution in groups, though these changes were not statistically significant. The choice certainty of respondents was found to remain largely unaffected. Overall, the empirical findings of this study provide preliminary evidence about the need to conduct future deliberative monetary valuation studies with groups with heterogeneous initial preferences as this may provide respondents with a more complete set of decision-relevant information.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vlker","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lienhoop","given":"Nele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"57-67","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Exploring group dynamics in deliberative choice experiments","type":"article-journal","volume":"123"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=743fa594-58e1-4dc3-9be7-cec358731605"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[127,128]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[127,128]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[127,128]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[127,128] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.001","ISSN":"0959-3780","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hyde","given":"Tony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"505-521","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries Evidence from the Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=754d18ad-b012-42b7-a66f-e473d640b109"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[129]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[129]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[129]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[129]. 2.4.2 Factors That Affect Deliberation Another important factor of consideration in deliberative processes is the way the processes are framed and designed and how these framings affect the values formed. A studies on the monetary values of a nature conservation scheme by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s101130050007","ISBN":"9781351881579","ISSN":"1436-3798","abstract":"There is growing interest in the potential for producing generally applicable models for valuing non-market environmental services which do not rely upon expensive and time-consuming survey work, but rather extrapolate results from previous studies. This paper presents a meta analysis for the use and non-use values generated by wetlands across North America and Europe. The study assesses the socio-economic values attributable to the hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological functions provided by such complex environmental assets. The clustering of multiple values derived from single studies is examined through the application of multilevel modelling methods allowing for the hierarchical structure of such data.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brouwer","given":"R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Langford","given":"I. H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bateman","given":"I. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"R. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The Stated Preference Approach to Environmental Valuation: Volume III: Applications: Benefit-Cost Analysis and Natural Resource Damage Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"number-of-pages":"301-311","title":"A meta-analysis of Wetland Contingent valuation studies","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d671b4ce-c025-4dde-a898-050a6f7da649"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[130]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[130]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[130]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[130] demonstrate this. While the participants in the former agreed that their willingness to pay reflected their true values, the participants in the later felt that they were not able to meaningfully identify their values. The difference between the two studies was that the first involved in-depth discussions while the discussions in the second were peripheral. The participants in the second study proposed a more democratic valuation process. It is concluded therefore that the depth of engagement and intensity of deliberations affect the outcomes of the process. Furthermore, the diversity of participants, group composition and even the style and method of facilitation affect outcomes in the deliberative process ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.015","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"It is increasingly argued that preferences and values for complex goods such as ecosystem services are not pre-formed but need to be generated through a process of deliberation and learning. While the number of studies incorporating deliberation in monetary and non-monetary valuation of ecosystem services is increasing, there is a limited theoretical basis to how values are influenced and shaped in social valuation processes. In this paper we present the Deliberative Value Formation (DVF) model, a new theoretical model for deliberative valuation informed by social-psychological theory. Anchored within a broader theoretical framework around shared and plural values, the DVF model identifies a range of potential positive (e.g. learning) and negative (e.g. social desirability bias) outcomes of deliberation and key factors that influence outcomes (e.g. ability to deliberate, institutional factors, power dynamics). It also conceptualises how values may be formed by translating transcendental values, our principles and life goals, into more specific contextual values. Underpinned by this theoretical model, we present a six-step template for designing deliberative valuation processes. The DVF provides a theoretical and methodological framework for more rigorous monetary and non-monetary deliberative valuation, and enables more effective integration of social learning and plural knowledges and values in valuation and decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"194-207","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"The Deliberative Value Formation model","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=df7ea29e-61e7-42f8-a204-473a3f7ef804"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[118]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[118]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[118]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[118]. The composition of the groups and diversity of perspectives influenced which values were discussed and agreed upon and the extent to which participants learned from each other ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"We argue in part 1 that the current crisis of legitimacy, which both the European Union and national states are experiencing, is sought to be compensated by the advancement of public participation provisions in the implementation of policy and legislation. With its continuing and severe implementation deficits, the field of environmental policy serves as a paradigmatic example. An analysis of current international and EU environmental policy (part 2) shows that the dominant official rationale for the advancement of participation provisions is the achievement of more effective substantive policy delivery: Output legitimacy (policy effectiveness) is sought to be ensured by an improved input legitimacy (participation). While this instrumental claim has been around for a long time, it has until now remained largely unsupported by systematic empirical research. In part 3, we propose a conceptual framework integrating existing hypotheses on why, how and under what circumstances public participation is likely to enhance legitimacy (input and output). The central claims are that participation enhances both the quality and the implementation of decisions. Based on this model, the results of a comprehensive meta analysis of existing case studies on participatory environmental decisions are presented in part 4. Part 5 is devoted to our conclusions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Newig","given":"Jens","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fritsch","given":"Oliver","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"In Search of Legitimacy: Policy Making in Europe and the Challenge of Complexity","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"Heinelt 2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"205-224","title":"More Input - Better Output: Does Citizen Involvement Improve Environmental Governance?","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8b3aff75-1d3b-408d-bad6-93db9fe580d9"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2010.05.012","ISSN":"01692070","abstract":"We review and integrate the extant knowledge on group-based forecasting, paying particular attention to the papers included in this special issue of the International Journal of Forecasting. We focus on the relative merits of different methods of aggregating individual forecasts, the advantages of heterogeneity in group memberships, the impact of others' opinions on group members, and the importance of perceptions of trust. We conclude that a change of opinion following group-based deliberation is most likely to be appropriate where the group membership is heterogeneous, the minority opinion is protected from pressure to conform, information exchange between group members has been facilitated, and the recipient of the advice is able - by reasoning processes - to evaluate the reasoning justifying the proffered advice. Proffered advice is least likely to be accepted where the advisor is not trusted - an evaluation which is based on the advisor having different perceived values to the recipient and being thought to be self-interested. In contrast, the outcome of a group-based deliberation is most likely to be accepted when there is perceived to be procedural fairness and the participants in the process are perceived to be trustworthy. Finally, we broaden our discussion of group-based forecasting to include a consideration of other group-based methodologies which are aimed at enhancing judgment and decision making. In particular, we discuss the relevance of research on small-group decision making, the nature and quality of the advice, group-based scenario planning, and public engagement processes. From this analysis, we conclude that, for medium- to long-term judgemental forecasting, a variety of non-outcome criteria need to be considered in the evaluation of alternative group-based methods. 2010 International Institute of Forecasters.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wright","given":"George","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rowe","given":"Gene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Forecasting","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Group-based judgmental forecasting: An integration of extant knowledge and the development of priorities for a new research agenda","type":"article-journal","volume":"27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a694ea19-523f-4e4b-89b1-29049387c40d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11077-011-9141-7","ISSN":"00322687","abstract":"Diversity is generally recognized as a key issue for learning in stakeholder dialogue on wicked sustainability issues. Yet the question on how design of stakeholder dialogue and supporting methods actually enhance learning in stakeholder dialogue deserves more attention. This paper presents constructive conflict as a central design issue for stakeholder dialogue. This means that a dialogue entails the articulation of a diversity of perspectives and the confrontation of claims and ideas based on these perspectives. Building on three properties of diversity (variety, balance and disparity), the methodological implications of constructive conflict as a central design issue will be derived. These implications are structured according to three design steps: stakeholder identification and selection, articulation of perspectives and confrontation of claims and ideas. It is argued that social scientific methods are needed to support design of stakeholder dialogue. Q methodology is presented as an example that was used in a stakeholder dialogue on sustainable biomass in the Netherlands to identify stakeholder perspectives, to select stakeholders and to structure the dialogue. The paper wraps up with conclusions on constructive conflict as a design issue. 2011 The Author(s).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cuppen","given":"Eefje","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Policy Sciences","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"23-46","title":"Diversity and constructive conflict in stakeholder dialogue: Considerations for design and methods","type":"article-journal","volume":"45"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2cb64eea-60a9-43e1-9886-28d23e7e95f8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[131133]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[131133]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[131133]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[131133]. Effective facilitation helps to balance power and communication inequalities which in turn prevents dysfunctional consensus, biased outcomes or exacerbating conflict ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0262024101","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bohman","given":"James","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"publisher":"The MIT Press","title":"Public Deliberation","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6dc38f00-c8de-43d2-95b8-6a4776e1538f"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"title":"Stakeholder participation for environmental management : A literature review","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fd5253c0-62b4-4c5b-848f-9fd0b6bd9a34"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.017","ISSN":"02779536","PMID":"19362763","abstract":"As more complex and uncertain forms of health innovation keep emerging, scholars are increasingly voicing arguments in favour of public involvement in health innovation policy. The current conceptualisation of this involvement is, however, somewhat problematic as it tends to assume that scientific facts form a \"hard,\" indisputable core around which \"soft,\" relative values can be attached. This paper, by giving precedence to epistemological issues, explores what there is to know from public involvement. We argue that knowledge and normative assumptions are co-constitutive of each other and pivotal to the ways in which both experts and non-experts reason about health innovations. Because knowledge and normative assumptions are different but interrelated ways of reasoning, public involvement initiatives need to emphasise deliberative processes that maximise mutual learning within and across various groups of both experts and non-experts (who, we argue, all belong to the \"publics\"). Hence, we believe that what researchers might wish to know from publics is how their reasoning is anchored in normative assumptions (what makes a given innovation desirable?) and in knowledge about the plausibility of their effects (are they likely to be realised?). Accordingly, one sensible goal of greater public involvement in health innovation policy would be to refine normative assumptions and make their articulation with scientific observations explicit and openly contestable. The paper concludes that we must differentiate between normative assumptions and knowledge, rather than set up a dichotomy between them or confound them. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lehoux","given":"Pascale","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daudelin","given":"Genevieve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Demers-Payette","given":"Olivier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boivin","given":"Antoine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Social Science and Medicine","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"2002-2009","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Fostering deliberations about health innovation: What do we want to know from publics?","type":"article-journal","volume":"68"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4fee4c24-b9b5-4054-a131-6023a731689e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[106,134,135]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[106,134,135]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[106,134,135]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[106,134,135]. Facilitation must be impartial and independent, as far as possible, for these benefits to be seen, otherwise facilitation may exacerbate power inequalities and bias outcomes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.06.006","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Monetary valuation quantifies exchange values, but broader approaches are needed to understand the meaning of those monetary values and the shared, plural and cultural values that underpin them. In this study, we integrated deliberative monetary valuation, storytelling, subjective well-being and psychometric approaches to comprehensively elicit cultural ecosystem service values for proposed UK marine protected areas. We elicit and compare five valuation stages: individual values from an online survey; individual and group values following deliberation on information in workshops; and individual and group values following storytelling and a transcendental values compass deliberation. Deliberated group values significantly differed from non-deliberated individual values, with reduced willingness to pay and increased convergence with subjective wellbeing; deliberated individual values fell between the two. Storytelling played an important role in revealing values that were previously implicit. Participants were more confident about values elicited in the workshops than the online survey and felt that deliberated values should be used in decision-making. The results of this study (albeit with a limited sample size) suggest that shared values may be a better reflection of welfare implications than non-deliberated individual values, while at the same time more reflective of participants' transcendental values: their broader life goals and principles.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Ros","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","10","1"]]},"page":"270-290","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"The impact of information, value-deliberation and group-based decision-making on values for ecosystem services: Integrating deliberative monetary valuation and storytelling","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f2daebf5-a4cc-37d4-9163-6916e568d3ea"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[136]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[136]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[136]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[136]. Additionally, the subtle consequences of group power that privileges certain knowledge over others and decides what information is included in the deliberative process ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1017/S037689291200029X","ISSN":"03768929","abstract":"There is increasing emphasis on the need for effective ways of sharing knowledge to enhance environmental management and sustainability. Knowledge exchange (KE) are processes that generate, share and/or use knowledge through various methods appropriate to the context, purpose, and participants involved. KE includes concepts such as sharing, generation, coproduction, comanagement, and brokerage of knowledge. This paper elicits the expert knowledge of academics involved in research and practice of KE from different disciplines and backgrounds to review research themes, identify gaps and questions, and develop a research agenda for furthering understanding about KE. Results include 80 research questions prefaced by a review of research themes. Key conclusions are: (1) there is a diverse range of questions relating to KE that require attention; (2) there is a particular need for research on understanding the process of KE and how KE can be evaluated; and (3) given the strong interdependency of research questions, an integrated approach to understanding KE is required. To improve understanding of KE, action research methodologies and embedding evaluation as a normal part of KE research and practice need to be encouraged. This will foster more adaptive approaches to learning about KE and enhance effectiveness of environmental management. 2012 Foundation for Environmental Conservation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stringer","given":"Lindsay C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kruijsen","given":"Joanneke","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"White","given":"Piran C.L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Newsham","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jin","given":"Lixian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cortazzi","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Phillipson","given":"Jeremy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blackstock","given":"Kirsty","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Entwistle","given":"Noel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sheate","given":"William","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Armstrong","given":"Fiona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blackmore","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ingram","given":"Julie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregson","given":"Jon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lowe","given":"Philip","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morton","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trevitt","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Conservation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"19-36","title":"Knowledge exchange: A review and research agenda for environmental management","type":"article-journal","volume":"40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0b4be6e0-b287-45f9-b9bf-0e5e18a5f1b4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[137]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[137]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[137]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[137] must be dealt with by including and empowering marginalized groups and also acknowledging and respecting all knowledge claims ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.016","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Global recognition of the decline of marine ecosystems and their services has led to rapid designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in recent decades. The complexity of effectively managing protected areas within the context of densely populated, highly used and contested coastlines points to the need for decision-support processes that effectively engage users and incorporate social, cultural and economic considerations alongside ecological objectives. Multi-Criteria Approaches (MCA) are established tools for complex decision-making involving uncertain, multi-scale environmental issues and multiple actors. Working closely with decision-makers, we develop a novel approach that draws on the strengths of MCA, but focuses less on arithmetic outcomes, instead presenting a deliberative-democratic process to facilitate emergence of shared values around effective conservation management. We nest these deliberations within the Community Voice Method (CVM), an interpretive film-based approach. CVM enables reflection on deeper-held values, stepping back from polarised policy debates and fostering conversation around shared values connecting people to place. We discuss how the integrated interpretive-deliberative methodology by a transdisciplinary team improved participation and engagement and provided outputs that supported improved decision-making. The approach made diverse impacts and benefits explicit and highlighted shared values amongst participants as a critical part of establishing robust management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"J. 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Capacity to deliberate due to prior experience, educational level, professional status etc also affects the deliberative outcomes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.005","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The potential for developing the participatory dimensions of the Ecosystem Approach are examined through the work of Habermas to guide the design of Deliberative Democratic Monetary Valuation (DDMV) and elicit social willingness to pay. DDMV is contrasted with Deliberated Preferences approaches, which are a deliberative adaptation of stated preference techniques and comprise almost all Deliberative Monetary Valuation studies so far. In a detailed case study where coastal and marine cultural ecosystem services were set within a broader societal context, DDMV was undertaken through three iterative workshops involving a single group of participants representing local residents and different interests across the public, private and third sectors. The use of DDMV generates insights into its potential for securing a socially sustainable route to environmental management: sustainable development that brings together values for ecosystem services with other social priorities, is more inclusive of diverse user needs and values, and is sensitive to issues of environmental justice. As well as highlighting the benefits and challenges that a more democratic deliberative valuation presents, we highlight the practical strengths and vulnerabilities of this approach and indicate directions for further methodological evolution of DDMV.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Ros","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"308-318","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Deliberative Democratic Monetary Valuation to implement the Ecosystem Approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3da4f5f2-447c-45fb-be7b-4a1711dc0a45"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[104]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[104]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[104]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[104]. Tables 2 and 3 present the different sets of criteria for appraising participatory and deliberative methods and the principles for designing and evaluating public participation processes. These sets of criteria underscore the need for a carefully designed and well implemented deliberative exercise. Researchers can therefore apply these indices to verify the quality of their adopted participatory methods. Thus, the WeValue crystallization process which was used in this study can be appraised using the criteria for participatory-deliberative methods which are inclusion, procedure and outcome ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-1-349-13469-4_2","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holmes","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scoones","given":"I","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IDS Working Paper No 113","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"number-of-pages":"62p","title":"Participatory environmental policy processes: experiences from North and South","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9ab1cc63-750b-432e-93d7-e5eb5a48fe4d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[139]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[139]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[139]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[139]. In other words, the participatory-deliberative workshops must fulfill the inclusion criteria by ensuring that relevant stakeholders participate in a context of power balance. Secondly, the process must include opportunities for open and honest deliberation, knowledge sharing and a way of verifying authenticity and transparency. Finally, the output from such a process should be an agreed-upon line of action, independent of external influence and having valid applications to policy ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-1-349-13469-4_2","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holmes","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scoones","given":"I","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IDS Working Paper No 113","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"number-of-pages":"62p","title":"Participatory environmental policy processes: experiences from North and South","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9ab1cc63-750b-432e-93d7-e5eb5a48fe4d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[139]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[139]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[139]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[139]. Table 2: Different sets of criteria used for comparing participatory methods ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005a, b) the number of ecosystem assessment projects have been multiplied worldwide. As abundant data is needed for valuing ecosystem services while resources are limited to undertake complex assessment projects, researchers are forced to choose a few key services to be assessed. The selection of key ecosystem services is usually expert driven, although scientific criteria based upon desktop research do not always adequately respond to the priorities of the stakeholders. Participatory assessment methods offer the possibility to involve local resource users in the process of identifying and valuing the key services of a particular ecosystem. In this study we compare a group based and an individual participatory assessment process to discuss the main strengths and weaknesses of each. The group based participatory assessment process proved to have potential for social learning and conflict resolution through deliberation, and it made transparent why certain ecosystem services were more valuable for the local community than others. However, the results of the group based assessment highly depended on the range of included participants and on the means of inclusion, furthermore, the results were not representative neither quantifiable. Experiences with the individual participatory assessment project, on the other hand, showed that transparency and quantifiability of the results could be achieved at the same time, albeit the increments of deliberation (such as building trust, deeper understanding of value articulation, or social learning) might vanish in a process that builds only on individual interviews and surveys. These findings suggest that group based and individual assessment methods can be used in decision making processes differently: group based participatory assessment can complement deliberative decision making processes, while the results of individual participatory assessment are more appropriate for mainstream decision making processes or can be used as input data in deliberative processes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kelemen","given":"E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Beggethum","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"THEMES Summer School, Lisbon","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"05","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Participatory Methods for Valuing Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=459d24c9-ea77-4705-b753-b414543d0e5f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[140]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[140]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[140]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[140]. SetABCDEAuthor ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/016224390002500101","ISBN":"0162243900025","ISSN":"01622439","abstract":"There is a growing call for greater public involvement in establishing science and technology policy, in line with democratic ideals. A variety of public participation procedures exist that aim to consult and involve the public, ranging from the public hearing to the consensus conference. Unfortunately, a general lack of empirical consideration of the quality of these methods arises from confusion as to the appropriate benchmarks for evaluation. Given that the quality of the output of any participation exercise is difficult to determine, the authors suggest the need to consider which aspects of the process are desirable and then to measure the presence or quality of these process aspects. To this end, a number of theoretical evaluation criteric that are essential for effective public participation are specified. These comprise two types: acceptance criteria, which concern features of a method that make it acceptable to the wider public, and process criteria, which concern features of the process that art liable to ensure that it takes place in an effective manner. Future research needs to develop instruments to measure these criteria more precisely and identify the contextual and environmental factors that will mediate the effectiveness of the different participation methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rowe","given":"Gene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frewer","given":"Lynn J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science Technology and Human Values","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"3-29","title":"Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6acbc5ba-5ef7-46b6-bd5d-2168dbab479a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[141]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[141]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[141]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[141]  ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"We survey and evaluate selected participatory tools that have been proven effective in natural resources management and research during our extensive experience with forest communities. We first establish a framework for our analysis by identifying a set of criteria for evaluating each tool. Next we provide a brief description of each tool, followed by an evaluation and comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of all the tools examined and how well they can be adapted to diverse contexts. We also provide suggestions for avoiding common pitfalls. Our findings suggest that most tools are flexible enough to be adapted to a range of applications, and that results are more robust when tools are used in concert. Practitioners should not be disturbed when results are contradictory or unexpected; initial surprises can lead to unexpected discoveries. Given the complexity of natural resources and their management, picking the right tool does not guarantee that the data desired will be produced, but selecting the wrong tool does make success less likely. The tools assessed are Bayesian belief networks and system dynamic modeling tools, discourse-based valuation, the 4Rs framework, participatory mapping, scoring or the Pebble Distribution Method, future scenarios, spidergrams, Venn diagrams, and Who Counts Matrices.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lynam","given":"Timothy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jong","given":"Wil","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sheil","given":"Douglas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kusumanto","given":"Trikurnianti","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evans","given":"Kirsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and So","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"title":"Research, part of a Special Feature on Navigating Trade-offs: Working for Conservation and Development Outcomes A Review of Tools for Incorporating Community Knowledge, Preferences, and Values into Decision Making in Natural Resources Management","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=47b61654-50dd-4d1d-9d01-9bb4b6fd12b8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[142]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[142]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[142]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[142]  ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-1-349-13469-4_2","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holmes","given":"T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scoones","given":"I","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IDS Working Paper No 113","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"number-of-pages":"62p","title":"Participatory environmental policy processes: experiences from North and South","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9ab1cc63-750b-432e-93d7-e5eb5a48fe4d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[139]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[139]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[139]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[139]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00343-X","ISBN":"1905546521","ISSN":"02779536","PMID":"12765705","abstract":"A common thread weaving through the current public participation debate is the need for new approaches that emphasize two-way interaction between decision makers and the public as well as deliberation among participants. Increasingly complex decision making processes require a more informed citizenry that has weighed the evidence on the issue, discussed and debated potential decision options and arrived at a mutually agreed upon decision or at least one by which all parties can abide. We explore the recent fascination with deliberative methods for public involvement first by examining their origins within democratic theory, and then by focusing on the experiences with deliberative methods within the health sector. In doing so, we answer the following questions \"What are deliberative methods and why have they become so popular? What are their potential contributions to the health sector?\" We use this critical review of the literature as the basis for developing general principles that can be used to guide the design and evaluation of public involvement processes for the health-care sector in particular. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Abelson","given":"Julia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Forest","given":"Pierre Gerlier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eyles","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martin","given":"Elisabeth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gauvin","given":"Francois Pierre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Social Science and Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"239-251","title":"Deliberations about deliberative methods: Issues in the design and evaluation of public participation processes","type":"article-journal","volume":"57"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6953ce73-a8bf-42dd-a542-4c927d080ed6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[143]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[143]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[143]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[143] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.005","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"This paper focuses on a set of issues when choosing between methods for environmental appraisal. Approaches like cost benefit analysis/contingent valuation, multicriteria analysis and deliberative methods are based on very different assumptions concerning the characteristics of environmental resources, the capacities of the individuals involved and the role the methods play in framing the process. The present paper views environmental appraisal methods as institutional structures. They are seen as rules concerning a) who should participate and in which capacity, b) what is considered data and which form data should take, and c) rules about how a conclusion is reached. Specifically, the choice of method defines the logic of the appraisal process and next influences the output. While cost benefit analysis is based on the assumption of individual rationality, deliberative methods assume that individuals can act according to social rationality. The first part of the paper is devoted to clarifying what institutions are and their role in the valuation process. Second, the main features of environmental or ecosystem services and the demands they raise for decision-making are described. A general framework for evaluating appraisal methods is then developed. Finally, this structure is elaborated in more detail as a basis for deciding over the choices of methods in the case of evaluating ecosystem services. A set of unresolved issues are identified - especially related to how the choice of appraisal methods themselves should be instituted. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vatn","given":"Arild","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"8-9","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"2207-2215","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"An institutional analysis of methods for environmental appraisal","type":"article-journal","volume":"68"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=62121aa5-827f-46a4-89f4-6dc3a520f2a5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[144]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[144]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[144]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[144] Assessed methods Participatory ParticipatoryParticipatory-deliberative DeliberativeDeliberativeField of studyScience and technology policy (env. risks)Natural (forest) resource managementEnvironmental policy processesDecision making in the health sectorAppraisal of common goodsCriteriaAcceptance: - representativeness - independence - early involvement - policy influence - transparency Process: -resource accessibility - clear task definition - structured decision making - cost-effectivenessCapabilities: - understanding complexity - aggregability - supporting policy decisions accuracy, etc. Use: - identification of stakeholders - knowledge elicitation - flexibility - cultural sensitivity - analytic or creative Products: - communication and learning - co-learning - transferability of results - rapid implementation, etc.Inclusion: - participation (popular or stakeholder) - motivations - power relations Procedure: - opportunity for true deliberation - knowledge sharing - methods - transparency and verifiability Outcome: - consensus / compromise - independence (who defines the objectives) - policy applicabilityRepresentation: - legitimacy & fairness - representativeness of the sample - Way of selection, etc. Structure: - degree of citizens control - deliberation - credibility of the process - Who is listening, etc. Information: - accessibility - readability - who chooses the information - Who chooses the experts - interpretations, etc. Outcome: - consensus - better and more legitimate decisions - more informed citizens, etc.Rationality: - roles - capacity -value dimensions - relevant groups Interaction of agents: - form of communication - principle of participation - rights Character of the good: - degree of complexity (type of risk) - delineation in time and space Table 2 above describes the different participatory and deliberative processes that have been applied in different fields of study such as science and technology policy, natural resource management, environmental policy, health and appraisal of common goods. It also includes the criteria for assessment. Deliberation is important because it makes explicit the otherwise tacit knowledge of the participants and enables them to clearly articulate and express their real thoughts and intentions about different matters. It gives the participants the opportunity to question, contest and openly evaluate ideas that have never been discussed. This process helps them to realize and adopt values for things they now consider as of profound importance to them. This is considered a very useful process in the valuation of ecosystem services where local stakeholders are required to make decisions, choices and tradeoffs about seemingly conflicting interests (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.001","ISSN":"0959-3780","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hyde","given":"Tony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"505-521","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries Evidence from the Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0a1fb732-1fcd-4b65-bafd-ba955885f23c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.018","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Despite the wealth of studies assessing values in relation to the management of ecosystem services, few studies have assessed transcendental values (TVs). TVs include ethical principles and desirable end states, such as a world at peace or unity with nature that transcend specific situations. We argue that TVs are important to consider in relation to ecosystem services because they: are implicit within ecosystem service valuations; directly and indirectly affect behaviour; influence the way we view knowledge and evidence; may be shared when more superficial values conflict; and underpin social representations. We demonstrate through case examples from the United Kingdom, Solomon Islands and Australia how they can be applied to the assessment of pro-environmental behaviour, how they might influence monetary valuations, and be affected by deliberative processes. TVs had direct effects on behavioural intention and significantly influenced willingness to pay. In contrast to conceptions of TVs as stable, in some cases deliberation led to significant change in TVs. We also observed indirect effects between TVs and constructs that mediate between TVs and behaviour, including beliefs and norms about conservation actions. We discuss the implications of the results for ecosystem valuation and management, including directions for future research.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Christopher M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"December 2015","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"241-257","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Transcendental values and the valuation and management of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8780df5d-5b30-4926-8ab8-758750f6b6bb"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.06.010","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"There is increasing recognition of the need to unite analytical and participatory methodologies to establish more comprehensive valuations of ecosystem services and move beyond individual conceptions of value. This research integrates a three-stage choice experiment with participatory systems modelling, participatory mapping and psychometric analysis in a coastal case study in Scotland. It aimed to explore contrasts between individual willingness to pay and shared values expressed as group-deliberated fair prices, how deliberation on social-ecological systems would impact on value formation, and how participatory mapping might elicit distinct values not reflected in the monetary valuation. Results indicated marked differences between individual and deliberated group values, with deliberated individual values falling between the two. The systems modelling intervention combined with explicit discussion of transcendental values (life goals and guiding principles) generated significant learning and helped to better reflect transcendental values in monetary values. The deliberations and fair price framing shifted participants towards a public policy perspective, balancing benefit trade-offs with questions of fairness and responsibility. The highly localised nature of many values expressed through participatory mapping suggests that many of these places-based values would have been under-recognised by monetary valuation alone.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"December 2015","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"291-307","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Integrating deliberative monetary valuation, systems modelling and participatory mapping to assess shared values of ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c5d26bbe-12e9-496d-9d3b-c37cc8e93a2d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[129,145,146]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[129,145,146]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[129,145,146]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[129,145,146]. It is necessary to briefly outline the different styles of deliberation that can be used in deliberative processes. The chosen style should depend on the purpose of deliberation and the participants involved in such deliberations. 2.4.3 Different styles of deliberations In classifying engagement processes, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"title":"Stakeholder participation for environmental management : A literature review","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fd5253c0-62b4-4c5b-848f-9fd0b6bd9a34"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[106]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[106]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[106]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[106] distinguishes four major types of engagement processes thus; Top-down one-way communication and/or consultation this involves the initiation and direction of engagement from the top-down usually by an organization with decision-making power. Although they consult the public and stakeholders, it is simply for the purpose of communicating decisions to them because they still retain decision-making power. Top-down deliberation and/or coproduction Engagement is initiated and led from the top-down. This is different in that there is a two-way discussion that enables the decision-making body to better understand and explore suggestions from stakeholders in order to make more robust and better accepted decisions. Bottom-up one-way communication and/or consultation This involves the initiation of engagement by the stakeholders/public. In this process, the stakeholders persuade the decision-making bodies to make the decision-making process open to scrutiny and engagement. Bottom-up deliberation and/or coproduction engagement is initiated and led by stakeholders and involves a two-way discussion with other stakeholders in order to make a decision. However, for the purpose of this research, we have adopted a fifth participatory method which will be briefly defined here. Our Approach WeValue InSitu Crystallization process uses a process that de-emphasizes hierarchy or vertical relationships and projects horizontal relationships ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. The emerging contribution of this next-generation evaluation tool to other fields, such as environmental values, development and environmental sustainable development, shared values, business, education and organisational change is outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Field trials of a novel toolkit for evaluating 'intangible' values-related dimensions of projects","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1d6d98f-98f6-4ddf-9d94-220230e3100e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[18]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[18]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[18]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[18]. More details are given in Chapter 3. 2.5 Valuation Pathways The difficulty in capturing the values of nature as a result of differences in context and worldview of different beneficiaries is attributed to the fact that it does not follow formal, objective and economic pathways but are culturally constructed ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1525002113","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benessaiah","given":"Karina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapman","given":"Mollie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1462-1465","title":"Why protect nature ? Rethinking values and the environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"113"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da15637c-6864-4c67-8d6e-639eea13622e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so. While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledgepolicy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. We argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and NCP.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pataki","given":"Gyrgy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roth","given":"Eva","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stenseke","given":"Marie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Robert T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ba_ak 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methodology for engaging with multifaceted cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the Global South. We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. These workshops demonstrated how dialogue can elucidate local values for CES, while strengthening support across stakeholders for improved conservation actions. We propose that this methodology is applicable in various contexts for improved CES assessment across diverse stakeholders. Key","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Karen E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Castellano","given":"Celia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pessagno","given":"Sophia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Using dialogue to contextualize culture, ecosystem services, and cultural ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=603061a4-88b8-4b14-b635-e089ad483d70"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[41,64,147]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[41,64,147]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[41,64,147]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[41,64,147] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"1111111111","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Value orientations used to explain or justify conservation have been rooted in arguments about how much and in what context to emphasize the intrinsic versus instrumental value of nature. Equally prominent are characterizations of beliefs known as the New Ecological Par- adigm (NEP), often used to help explain pro-environmental behaviour. A recent alternative to these positions has been identified as relational valuebroadly, values linking people and ecosystems via tangible and intangible relationships to nature as well as the principles, virtues and notions of a good life that may accompany these. This paper examines whether relational values are distinct from other value orientation and have potential to alleviate the intrinsic-instrumental debate. To test this possibility, we sought to operationalize the con- structrelational valuesby developing six relational statements. We ask: 1) Do the indi- vidual statements used to characterize relational values demonstrate internal coherence as either a single or multi-dimensional construct? 2) Do relational value statements (including those strongly stated) resonate with diverse populations? 3) Do people respond to relational value statements in a consistently different way than NEP scale statements? Data for this work is drawn from an online panel of residents of northeastern US (n= 400), as well as a sample of Costa Rican farmers (n= 253) and tourists in Costa Rica (n= 260). Results indi- cate relational values are distinct as a construct when compared to the NEP.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olmsted","given":"Paige","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"e0183962","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"A1-A7","title":"Relational values resonate broadly and differently than instrinsic or instrumental values or the NEP","type":"article-journal","volume":"12(8)"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ef119cf9-763a-48f0-9c1d-8bca1d5fcb04"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[40]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[40]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[40]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[40]. Hence it requires a lot of effort in eliciting and securing the views of the participants. The translation of the local concepts to outsiders is also a factor that must be considered especially in judging the validity of the values captured. There are ongoing attempts at developing culture-based indicators for the valuation of ecosystem services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.013","ISSN":"1470160X","abstract":"Over millennia human well-being has benefited from ecosystems, not only through tangible goods, but also through intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem services. Despite growing research over the last decade, cultural services assessment still remains arbitrary and is largely limited to marketable services such as tourism. Evident difficulties in standardizing definitions and measurements have challenged cultural services accounting in decision making processes. However, the imminent formation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services offers an opportunity to counterbalance this misrepresentation by establishing a scientific basis for consistently assessing cultural services. In that regard, the current review intends to facilitate discussion investigating the current state of cultural services accounting by offering an appraisal of existing evidence regarding cultural services indicator quality. The review builds on scientifically recognized frameworks to develop a holistic understanding of how cultural services indicators are conceived within ecosystem services research. Among the measures found, benefit indicators were most frequently used for assessing inspirational, educational and recreational services. A broad variety of methods for accounting cultural services was found, mainly due to the varied aims of the studies. Most of the cultural services indicators were deficient concerning their clarity of definitions, purposes and understanding of the processes to be measured and referring only marginally to tradeoffs and bundles with other services. Only 17% performed multitemporal assessments and 23% used spatially explicit information. It seems that indicator quality could be greatly enhanced by investing more effort toward involving relevant stakeholders in conceptualization and communication phases, using participatory mapping tools to enhance visibility. 2013 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hernndez-Morcillo","given":"Mnica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plieninger","given":"Tobias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bieling","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Indicators","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"434-444","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"An empirical review of cultural ecosystem service indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f98ddd3-7687-4fc5-870c-bfe5a2f2b8d5"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mccarter","given":"Joe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sterling","given":"Eleanor J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jupiter","given":"Stacy D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cullman","given":"Georgina D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Albert","given":"Simon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Basi","given":"Marlene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Betley","given":"Erin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boseto","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bulehite","given":"Evan S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harron","given":"Ryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holland","given":"Piokera S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Horning","given":"Ned","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hughes","given":"Alec","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jino","given":"Nixon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Biocultural approaches to developing well-being indicators in Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c6c60d74-eef1-4e45-bc0d-fe74604e0f5f"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.07.042","ISSN":"1470-160X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanik","given":"Nils","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aalders","given":"Inge","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Miller","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Indicators","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"December 2017","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"288-297","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Towards an indicator-based assessment of cultural heritage as a cultural ecosystem service A case study of Scottish landscapes","type":"article-journal","volume":"95"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=28182f85-fb11-4dbc-8606-351faeea8052"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.11.018","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"We present a concept matching systematic review linking the classes of the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES, v4.3) to the ways scientists define and apply ES indicators in published studies. With the dual aim of creating an overview how the different services are measured in the studies, and determining if CICES provides an appropriate structure to accommodate the ES assessed in the practical literature, we reviewed 85 scientific papers from which 440 indicators were identified. Almost all CICES classes were represented, with cultural and some regulating (e.g. global climate regulation, pollination) ES being the most frequently considered. The four most frequently studied CICES classes (or class clusters) were global climate regulation, aesthetic beauty, recreation, and bio-remediation. Regulating and cultural services were more often assessed than provisioning services. Normalisation to unit area and time was common for indicators of several regulating and provisioning ES. Scores were most frequently used for cultural ES (except recreation) and some regulating services (e.g. flood protection). Altogether 20% of the ES indicators were quantified as an economic value, and monetisation is most frequently done for cultural and provisioning ES. Few regulating services, on the other hand, were monetised (including ones, like global climate regulation, for which appropriate techniques are relatively easily available). The work enabled a library of indicators to be compiled and made available. The findings can be used to help improve CICES so that it can provide a more robust and comprehensive framework for ecosystem assessments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Czcz","given":"Blint","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arany","given":"Ildik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin-Young","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bereczki","given":"Krisztina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kertsz","given":"Mikls","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kiss","given":"Mrton","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aszals","given":"Rka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"145-157","title":"Where concepts meet the real world: A systematic review of ecosystem service indicators and their classification using CICES","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6735f9aa-66fa-4b35-b78a-393bdff6fa15"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[38,61,148,149]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[38,61,148,149]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[38,61,148,149]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[38,61,148,149]. These studies continue to bring up many tensions associated with interpreting and judging results ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11625-019-00726-4","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"18624057","abstract":"This paper concludes a special feature of Sustainability Science that explores a broad range of social value theoretical traditions, such as religious studies, social psychology, indigenous knowledge, economics, sociology, and philosophy. We introduce a novel transdisciplinary conceptual framework that revolves around concepts of lenses and tensions to help navigate value diversity. First, we consider the notion of lenses: perspectives on value and valuation along diverse dimensions that describe what values focus on, how their sociality is envisioned, and what epistemic and procedural assumptions are made. We characterise fourteen of such dimensions. This provides a foundation for exploration of seven areas of tension, between: (1) the values of individuals vs collectives; (2) values as discrete and held vs embedded and constructed; (3) value as static or changeable; (4) valuation as descriptive vs normative and transformative; (5) social vs relational values; (6) different rationalities and their relation to value integration; (7) degrees of acknowledgment of the role of power in navigating value conflicts. In doing so, we embrace the mess of diversity, yet also provide a framework to organise this mess and support and encourage active transdisciplinary collaboration. We identify key research areas where such collaborations can be harnessed for sustainability transformation. Here it is crucial to understand how certain social value lenses are privileged over others and build capacity in decision-making for understanding and drawing on multiple value, epistemic and procedural lenses.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Christopher M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Riper","given":"Carena J.","non-dropping-particle":"van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Azzopardi","given":"Elaine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brear","given":"Michelle R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Calcagni","given":"Fulvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Ian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fordham","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ives","given":"Christopher D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hejnowicz","given":"Adam P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gunton","given":"Richard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Horcea-Milcu","given":"Andra Ioana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kendal","given":"Dave","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kronenberg","given":"Jakub","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Massenberg","given":"Julian R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"OConnor","given":"Seb","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rawluk","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Ivan J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rodrguez-Morales","given":"Jorge","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thankappan","given":"Samarthia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1439-1461","publisher":"Springer Japan","title":"Loving the mess: navigating diversity and conflict in social values for sustainability","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=025dc925-2ff1-4837-9523-87c00bb74b26"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[150]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[150]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[150]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[150]. A recent study that used photographs to elicit intangible values of groups in the Pacific Island reports the difficulties encountered in the interpretations given by local people versus the interpretation presented by the researchers ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12253-260224","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are heralded as an approach that communicates across disciplines and between researchers and resource managers, encouraging more environmentally sustainable human behavior. However, most studies presuppose that values are ontologically distinct from ecosystem services without examining what this framing enables and occludes about human and other- than-human relations. Through a reflexive research approach, we conduct a conventional photo elicitation ES survey among four groups in Moorea, French Polynesia, while also eliciting respondents evaluations of the survey method, and documenting the method in action as participants interacted with it. Photo elicitation results suggest that fishers valued the subsistence fishery while scientists favored habitats, yet all stakeholders were concerned about the role of economic activities in contributing to environmental degradation. Yet, survey participants had difficulties with interpreting the photos of ecosystem services as intended, an indication that the ES framework commits to a nature-culture dualism and displaces other ways of ordering human and other-than-human relations, particularly those present throughout the Global South. We argue that ecosystem services research is best treated as a situated practice where researcher and research participants jointly produce intended and unintended results and outcomes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Chelsea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Ecosystems services research in action : reflexively valuing environments in the South Pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ac07ac9b-f74b-43c0-b2a2-ce89984735fb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[151]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[151]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[151]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[151]. Thus, photos although suitable for eliciting deeper-held meanings, can also introduce biases. Similar issues arise in some deliberative methods that strive to obtain locally valid valuations of ecosystem services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.001","ISSN":"0959-3780","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hyde","given":"Tony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"505-521","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries Evidence from the Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0a1fb732-1fcd-4b65-bafd-ba955885f23c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12187-260207","abstract":"We propose an alternative methodology for engaging with multifaceted cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the Global South. We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. These workshops demonstrated how dialogue can elucidate local values for CES, while strengthening support across stakeholders for improved conservation actions. We propose that this methodology is applicable in various contexts for improved CES assessment across diverse stakeholders. Key","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Karen E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Castellano","given":"Celia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pessagno","given":"Sophia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Using dialogue to contextualize culture, ecosystem services, and cultural ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=603061a4-88b8-4b14-b635-e089ad483d70"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[64,129]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[64,129]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[64,129]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[64,129]. In the next few paragraphs, we will review the different methods used in the valuation of ecosystem services and also look at where the gap still exists. 2.5.1 Deliberative valuations Deliberative valuation is a term used to portray the group-based valuation of ecosystem services. It is a process whereby people are able to exchange views and experiences, practice deep listening and reflection, negotiate meanings and interests and finally make decisions about a subject matter ecosystem services in this case ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.006","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Valuation that focuses only on individual values evades the substantial collective and intersubjective meanings, significance and value from ecosystems. Shared, plural and cultural values of ecosystems constitute a diffuse and interdisciplinary field of research, covering an area that links questions around value ontology, elicitation and aggregation with questions of participation, ethics, and social justice. Synthesising understanding from various contributions to this Special Issue of Ecosystem Services, and with a particular focus on deliberation and deliberative valuation, we discuss key findings and present 35 future research questions in eight topic areas: 1) the ontology of shared values; 2) the role of catalyst and conflict points; 3) shared values and cultural ecosystem services; 4) transcendental values; 5) the process and outcomes of deliberation; 6) deliberative monetary valuation; 7) value aggregation, meta-values and rules of the game; and 8) integrating valuation methods. The results of this Special Issue and these key questions can help develop a more extensive evidence base to mature the area and develop environmental valuation into a more pluralistic, comprehensive, robust, legitimate and effective way of safeguarding ecosystems and their services for the future.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Christopher M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tett","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"note":"A Clear Definition of values\nShared values and deliberative valuation: Future directions\nJasper O. Kentera,N , Rosalind Bryceb, Michael Christiec, Nigel Cooperd,m, Neal Hockleye, Katherine N. Irvinef, Ioan Fazeyg, Liz O Brienh, Johanne Orchard-Webbi, Neil Ravenscrofti, Christopher M. Raymondj, Mark S. Reedk, Paul Tetta, Verity Watsonl\na Laurence Mee Centre for Society and the Sea, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, UK b Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Perth, UK c Aberystwyth Business School, Aberystwyth University, UK d Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK e School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, UK f Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK g Centre for Environmental Change and Human Resilience, University of Dundee, UK h","page":"358-371","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Shared values and deliberative valuation: Future directions","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7844ac49-662e-4b1c-b3bc-e2ed86386aec"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.005","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The potential for developing the participatory dimensions of the Ecosystem Approach are examined through the work of Habermas to guide the design of Deliberative Democratic Monetary Valuation (DDMV) and elicit social willingness to pay. DDMV is contrasted with Deliberated Preferences approaches, which are a deliberative adaptation of stated preference techniques and comprise almost all Deliberative Monetary Valuation studies so far. In a detailed case study where coastal and marine cultural ecosystem services were set within a broader societal context, DDMV was undertaken through three iterative workshops involving a single group of participants representing local residents and different interests across the public, private and third sectors. The use of DDMV generates insights into its potential for securing a socially sustainable route to environmental management: sustainable development that brings together values for ecosystem services with other social priorities, is more inclusive of diverse user needs and values, and is sensitive to issues of environmental justice. As well as highlighting the benefits and challenges that a more democratic deliberative valuation presents, we highlight the practical strengths and vulnerabilities of this approach and indicate directions for further methodological evolution of DDMV.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Ros","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"December","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"308-318","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Deliberative Democratic Monetary Valuation to implement the Ecosystem Approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=659297f2-d77d-42dd-b493-c68c7716c898"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[104,152]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[104,152]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[104,152]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[104,152]. Methodologically, it is rooted in talk and the process of getting people to carry out an in-depth discussion on a topic or theme. It is primarily focused on helping people to express themselves and gaining an understanding on why people think, feel and do things the way they do. Since the outputs of the deliberative process are usually statements of values of importance, it is frequently utilized in non-monetary valuations of ecosystem services. The group context of the deliberative process usually forces a shift from personal welfare to a more comprehensive socially equitable assessment of the issues at hand ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05280.x","ISBN":"9781573317665","ISSN":"17496632","abstract":"Understanding the economic value of nature and the services it provides to humanity has become increasingly important for local, national, and global policy and decision making. It has become obvious that quantifying and integrating these services into decision making will be crucial for sustainable development. Problems arise in that it is difficult to obtain meaningful values for the goods and services that ecosystems provide and for which there is no formal market. A wide range of ecosystem services fall into this category. Additional problems arise when economic methods are applied inappropriately and when the importance of ecosystem maintenance for human welfare is underestimated. In this article we identify a place for monetary valuation within the pluralistic approach supported by ecological economics and assess progress to date in the application of environmental valuation to ecosystem service provision. We first review definitions of ecosystem services in order to make an operational link to valuation methods. We then discuss the spatially explicit nature of ecosystem services provision and benefits capture. We highlight the importance of valuing marginal changes and the role for macroscale valuation, nonlinearities in service benefits, and the significance of nonconvexities (threshold effects). We also review guidance on valuation studies quality assurance, and discuss the problems inherent in the methodology as exposed by the findings of behavioral economics, as well as with benefits transfer - the most common way valuation studies are applied in the policy process. We argue for a sequential decision support system that can lead to a more integrated and rigorous approach to environmental valuation and biophysical measurement of ecosystem services. This system itself then needs to be encompassed within a more comprehensive multicriteria assessment dialogue and process. 2010 New York Academy of Sciences.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"R. Kerry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morse-Jones","given":"Sian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Brendan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"79-101","title":"Ecosystem valuation: A sequential decision support system and quality assessment issues","type":"article-journal","volume":"1185"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f4eb6f4-592e-4210-a947-99f616509ab6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[153]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[153]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[153]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[153]. 2.5.1.1 The Deliberative Value Formation (DVF) Model The understanding of deliberation and its role in eliciting, forming and shaping values is the motivation for the creation of the DVF model. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.015","ISSN":"2212-0416","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December 2015","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"194-207","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"The Deliberative Value Formation model","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ee98bb58-cfa4-458c-b69a-4cd1c396deac"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[154]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[154]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[154]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[154] developed the deliberative value formation (DVF) model which includes three components - 1. An understanding of the key factors that influence how deliberation forms values; 2. An understanding of the potential outcomes of deliberation in a valuation context; 3. A chain of influence that conceptualizes deliberative value formation as a translation of transcendental values into contextual values and value indicators, and links the key components that constitute this process. Below is a schematic of the DVF model showing the interactions that take place between the deliberative processes, the factors affecting it and the values formed. The potential outcomes are also displayed.  Figure 4: The deliberative value formation (DVF) model. Source: ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.09.015","ISSN":"2212-0416","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December 2015","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"194-207","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"The Deliberative Value Formation model","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ee98bb58-cfa4-458c-b69a-4cd1c396deac"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[154]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[154]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[154]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[154] The deliberative value formation model shown above depicts the relationship between the deliberative process, the factors that affect it, the types of values formed and the potential outcomes of the process. The WeValue crystallization process accommodates the values, beliefs and norms of the participants and is useful in forming shared values. 2.6 Values and value types The definition of values in any empirical study is determined by the way it is measured ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444","ISSN":"15435938","abstract":"Values are often invoked in discussions of how to develop a more sustainable relationship with the environment. There is a substantial literature on values that spans several disciplines. In philosophy, values are relatively stable principles that help us make decisions when our preferences are in conflict and thus convey some sense of what we consider good. In economics, the term values is usually used in discussions of social choice, where an assessment of the social value of various alternatives serves as a guide to the best choice under a utilitarian ethic (the greatest good for the greatest number). In sociology, social psychology, and political science, two major lines of research have addressed environmental values. One has focused on four value clusters: self-interest, altruism, traditionalism, and openness to change and found relatively consistent theoretical and empirical support for the relationship of values to environmentalism. The other line of research suggests that environmentalism emerges when basic material needs are met and that individuals and societies that are postmaterialist in their values are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviors. The evidence in support of this argument is more equivocal. Overall, the idea that values, especially altruism, are related to environmentalism, seems well established, but little can be said about the causes of value change and of the overall effects of value change on changes in behavior. Copyright 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dietz","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Amy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shwom","given":"Rachael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"335-372","title":"Environmental values","type":"article-journal","volume":"30"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab6799be-d7eb-464a-8c02-953b98b8a129"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[52]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[52]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[52]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[52]. Consequently, several definitions and conceptualizations of values have been presented. The definition of values is also dependent on the field of knowledge or discipline in focus ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.007","ISSN":"0921-8009","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scholte","given":"Samantha S K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van","family":"Teeffelen","given":"Astrid J A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Verburg","given":"Peter H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"67-78","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Integrating socio-cultural perspectives into ecosystem service valuation : A review of concepts and methods","type":"article-journal","volume":"114"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6d2a891e-67bc-42b1-80e3-016d0da32925"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[83]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[83]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[83]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[83]. Hence there are different understandings of value in psychology, economics etc. However, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schwartz","given":"Shalom H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bilsky","given":"Wolfgang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1987"]]},"page":"550-562","title":"Toward A Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ae16d97f-c0b6-4419-94ba-75f44a97aab3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[155]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[155]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[155]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[155] presents an encompassing definition of values as concepts or beliefs about desirable states or behaviours that transcend specific situations, guide selection or evaluation of behaviour and events and are ordered by relative importance. They are measures of worth and importance of something ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9780199588992","abstract":"\"In 2005, The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) provided the first global assessment of the world's ecosystems and ecosystem services. It concluded that recent trends in ecosystem change threatened human wellbeing due to declining ecosystem services. This bleak prophecy has galvanized conservation organizations, ecologists, and economists to work toward rigorous valuations of ecosystem services at a spatial scale and with a resolution that can inform public policy. The editors have assembled the world's leading scientists in the fields of conservation, policy analysis, and resource economics to provide the most intensive and best technical analyses of ecosystem services to date. A key idea that guides the science is that the modelling and valuation approaches being developed should use data that are readily available around the world. In addition, the book documents a toolbox of ecosystem service mapping, modeling, and valuation models that both The Nature Conservancy and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) are beginning to apply around the world as they transform conservation from a biodiversity only to a people and ecosystem services agenda. The book addresses land, freshwater, and marine systems at a variety of spatial scales and includesdiscussion of how to treat both climate change and cultural values when examining tradeoffs among ecosystem services\"--Provided by publisher. A vision for ecosystem services in decisions: Mainstreaming natural capital into decisions / Gretchen C. Daily [and others]. Interpreting and estimating the value of ecosystem services / Lawrence H. Goulder and Donald Kennedy. Assessing multiple ecosystem services: an integrated tool for the real world / Heather Tallis and Stephen -- Multi-tiered models for ecosystem services: Water supply as an ecosystem service for hydropower and irrigation / Guillermo Mendoza [and others]. Valuing land cover impact on storm peak mitigation / Driss Ennaanay [and others]. Retention of nutrients and sediment by vegetation / Marc Conte [and others]. Terrestrial carbon sequestration and storage / Marc Conte [and others]. The provisioning value of timber and non-timber forest products / Erik Nelson [and others]. Provisioning and regulatory ecosystem service values in agriculture / Erik Nelson [and others]. Crop pollination services / Eric Lonsdorf [and others]. Nature-based tourism and recreation / W.L. (Vic) Adamowicz [and others]. Cultural services and non-use values / Kai M.A. Chan [and oth","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kareiva","given":"Peter","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tallis","given":"Heather","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ricketts","given":"Taylor H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daily","given":"Gretchen C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Polasky","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"number-of-pages":"365","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisher-place":"New York","title":"Natural Capital Theory & Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=940eef71-8278-415b-9aa4-4d99c74888bb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[53]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[53]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[53]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[53]. Whereas ecosystem services contribute to benefits people obtain from ecosystems, values reflect how important those services are to people ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jnc.2015.09.006","ISSN":"16171381","abstract":"Protected areas provide important ecosystem services globally but few studies have examined how cultural differences influence the distribution of cultural ecosystem values and management preferences. We used internet-based public participation GIS (PPGIS) in the countries of Norway and Poland to identify ecosystem values and management preferences in protected areas held by regional residents and site users. We found significant differences in the type and quantity of ecosystem values with Norwegians mapping more values relating to use of resources (e.g., hunting/fishing, gathering) and Polish respondents mapping more environmental values such as scenery, biological diversity, and water quality. With respect to management preferences, Norwegians identified more preferences for resource utilization while Polish respondents identified more preferences for conservation. Norwegian respondents were more satisfied with protected area management and local participation which can be explained by historical, legal, and cultural differences between the two countries. For Norway, biodiversity conservation in protected areas will continue to be guided by sustainable use of protected areas, rather than strict nature protection, with management favoring local board control and active public participation. For Poland, change in protected area management to enhance biodiversity conservation is less certain, driven by national environmental values that conflict with local values and preferences, continuing distrust in government, and low levels of civic participation. Differential efficacy in PPGIS methods - Norway with greater participation from household sampling and Poland with greater response using social media - suggest different strategies will be required for effective public engagement in protected area planning and management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brown","given":"Greg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hausner","given":"Vera Helene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"GrodziDska-Jurczak","given":"MaBgorzata","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pietrzyk-KaszyDska","given":"Agata","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"OlszaDska","given":"Agnieszka","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peek","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"RechciDski","given":"Marcin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lgreid","given":"Eiliv","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal for Nature Conservation","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"89-104","title":"Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5b3a2236-7ced-4668-b9e4-6fc880e26143"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[82]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[82]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[82]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[82] . Hence, a single ecosystem service can have multiple values ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/cobi.12550","ISSN":"15231739","PMID":"26129942","abstract":"Understanding why people make the decisions they do remains a fundamental challenge facing conservation science. Ecosystem service (ES) (a benefit people derive from an ecosystem) approaches to conservation reflect efforts to anticipate people's preferences and influence their environmental behavior. Yet, the design of ES approaches seldom includes psychological theories of human behavior. We sought to alleviate this omission by applying a psychological theory of human values to a cross-cultural ES assessment. We used interviews and focus groups with fish workers from 28 coral reef fishing communities in 4 countries to qualitatively identify the motivations (i.e., human values) underlying preferences for ES; quantitatively evaluate resource user ES priorities; and identify common patterns among ES motivations and ES priorities (i.e., trade-offs and synergies). Three key findings are evident that align with human values theory. First, motivations underlying preferences for individual ESs reflected multiple human values within the same value domain (e.g., self-enhancement). Second, when averaged at community or country scales, the order of ES priorities was consistent. However, the order belied significant variation that existed among individuals. Third, in line with human values theory, ESs related to one another in a consistent pattern; certain service pairs reflected trade-off relationships (e.g., supporting and provisioning), whereas other service pairs reflected synergistic relationships (e.g., supporting and regulating). Together, these findings help improve understanding of when and why convergence and trade-offs in people's preferences for ESs occur, and this knowledge can inform the development of suitable conservation actions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hicks","given":"Christina C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cinner","given":"Joshua E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stoeckl","given":"Natalie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mcclanahan","given":"Tim R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Conservation Biology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1471-1480","title":"Linking ecosystem services and human-values theory","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=35cbfb60-4d76-4a64-a726-79f6295c8457"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[156]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[156]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[156]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[156]. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01623.x","ISSN":"1523-1739","abstract":"The economic valuation of ecosystem services is a key policy tool in stemming losses of biological diversity. It is proposed that the loss of ecosystem function and the biological resources within ecosystems is due in part to the failure of markets to recognize the benefits humans derive from ecosystems. Placing monetary values on ecosystem services is often suggested as a necessary step in correcting such market failures. We consider the effects of valuing different types of ecosystem services within an economic framework. We argue that provisioning and regulating ecosystem services are generally produced and consumed in ways that make them amenable to economic valuation. The values associated with cultural ecosystem services lie outside the domain of economic valuation, but their worth may be expressed through noneconomic, deliberative forms of valuation. We argue that supporting ecosystem services are not of direct value and that the losses of such services can be expressed in terms of the effects of their loss on the risk to the provision of the directly valued ecosystem services they support. We propose a heuristic framework that considers the relations between ecological risks and returns in the provision of ecosystem services. The proposed ecosystem-service valuation framework, which allows the expression of the value of all types of ecosystem services, calls for a shift from static, purely monetary valuation toward the consideration of trade-offs between the current flow of benefits from ecosystems and the ability of those ecosystems to provide future flows. 2010 Society for Conservation Biology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"ABSON","given":"DAVID J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"TERMANSEN","given":"METTE","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Conservation Biology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010","12"]]},"page":"no-no","publisher":"Wiley","title":"Valuing Ecosystem Services in Terms of Ecological Risks and Returns","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=571f620e-6ebb-3e5e-b866-ed53ceae5bd0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[157]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[157]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[157]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[157] suggested that CES like aesthetics, inspiration, spirituality and sense of place, represented conceptual, first-order held values 2.6.1 Value Types As with the definition, so is the classification of values in different studies. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.04.014","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"City dwellers have fewer opportunities to connect with nature, with urban green space (UGS) often one of the few places where this can occur. Natural environments are known to contribute to human wellbeing, although to date research has largely focused on quantifiable benefits. The less tangible benefits obtained from ecosystems have commonly been referred to as Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). However, challenges persist around the definition and measurement of CES. A qualitative review of literature was conducted to identify key characteristics of CES, challenges to CES research, and lessons for the future of UGS research. The review found that CES have tended to be characterised by intangibility and incommensurability, when perhaps the most distinguishing features are the form and extent of human-environment co-production, and association between CES and held values. Despite ongoing challenges, researchers have applied a range of methods to capture and analyse CES, including non-economic and participatory/deliberative approaches. As urbanisation increases, it is important to understand how CES from UGS affect wellbeing. The review found that attention to date has mainly focused on identifying CES but scope exists to research the effects of UGS attributes, and how the socio-cultural diversity of cities might influence co-production of CES.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickinson","given":"Dawn C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hobbs","given":"Richard J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"179-194","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Cultural ecosystem services: Characteristics, challenges and lessons for urban green space research","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=24b0ec8a-76f4-4958-ba2c-935cea3cf14b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[70]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[70]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[70]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[70] distinguishes between held and assigned values. Held values are particular end-states of existence which are personally and socially preferable and necessary for human wellbeing ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.014","ISSN":"10958630","PMID":"25124790","abstract":"Two related approaches to valuing nature have been advanced in past research including the study of ecosystem services and psychological investigations of the factors that shape behavior. Stronger integration of the insights that emerge from these two lines of enquiry can more effectively sustain ecosystems, economies, and human well-being. Drawing on survey data collected from outdoor recreationists on Santa Cruz Island within Channel Islands National Park, U.S., our study blends these two research approaches to examine a range of tangible and intangible values of ecosystem services provided to stakeholders with differing biocentric and anthropocentric worldviews. We used Public Participation Geographic Information System methods to collect survey data and a Social Values for Ecosystem Services mapping application to spatially analyze a range of values assigned to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the park. Our results showed that preferences for the provision of biological diversity, recreation, and scientific-based values of ecosystem services varied across a spatial gradient. We also observed differences that emerged from a comparison between survey subgroups defined by their worldviews. The implications emanating from this investigation aim to support environmental management decision-making in the context of protected areas. 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Riper","given":"Carena J.","non-dropping-particle":"Van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kyle","given":"Gerard T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"374-384","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Capturing multiple values of ecosystem services shaped by environmental worldviews: A spatial analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"145"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=073cae42-5280-42a3-b3ec-69bb33b53a14"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.envsci.2011.12.001","ISSN":"14629011","abstract":"Policy and operational outcomes in biodiversity management are compromised by inconsistent logic and lack of clarity in key terms such as sustainability, environmental quality and resilience. This is due in part to their poor linkage with human values, an essential component of a coherent planning framework. At the same time, the poor definition and classification of planning elements, such as threatening processes, hampers effective use of quantitative decision tools in planning. This paper outlines a framework in which the planning components are linked through cause-effect relationships and driven by human values. When combined with effective classification of planning elements, this framework resolves the issues outlined above and provides a sound basis for planning the management of biodiversity. 2011.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wallace","given":"Ken J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Science and Policy","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1-11","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Values: Drivers for planning biodiversity management","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b0d84a0-9267-4508-9c51-bce32b286e3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[158,159]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[158,159]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[158,159]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[158,159]. They determine how people interpret their surroundings, decisions and behaviour ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/cobi.12550","ISSN":"15231739","PMID":"26129942","abstract":"Understanding why people make the decisions they do remains a fundamental challenge facing conservation science. Ecosystem service (ES) (a benefit people derive from an ecosystem) approaches to conservation reflect efforts to anticipate people's preferences and influence their environmental behavior. Yet, the design of ES approaches seldom includes psychological theories of human behavior. We sought to alleviate this omission by applying a psychological theory of human values to a cross-cultural ES assessment. We used interviews and focus groups with fish workers from 28 coral reef fishing communities in 4 countries to qualitatively identify the motivations (i.e., human values) underlying preferences for ES; quantitatively evaluate resource user ES priorities; and identify common patterns among ES motivations and ES priorities (i.e., trade-offs and synergies). Three key findings are evident that align with human values theory. First, motivations underlying preferences for individual ESs reflected multiple human values within the same value domain (e.g., self-enhancement). Second, when averaged at community or country scales, the order of ES priorities was consistent. However, the order belied significant variation that existed among individuals. Third, in line with human values theory, ESs related to one another in a consistent pattern; certain service pairs reflected trade-off relationships (e.g., supporting and provisioning), whereas other service pairs reflected synergistic relationships (e.g., supporting and regulating). Together, these findings help improve understanding of when and why convergence and trade-offs in people's preferences for ESs occur, and this knowledge can inform the development of suitable conservation actions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hicks","given":"Christina C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cinner","given":"Joshua E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stoeckl","given":"Natalie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mcclanahan","given":"Tim R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Conservation Biology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1471-1480","title":"Linking ecosystem services and human-values theory","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=35cbfb60-4d76-4a64-a726-79f6295c8457"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[156]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[156]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[156]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[156]. Held values have also been found to be important for co-producing cultural ecosystem services by influencing how the environment is perceived by people ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.12.004","ISSN":"02648377","abstract":"There seems to be widespread consensus in the ecosystem services literature that benefits from ecosystems are not produced by ecosystems independently of humans, but arise because of people's interactions with an ecosystem. Yet, these interactions are hardly ever explicitly investigated in a way that directly contributes to the ecosystem services debate. Here, we empirically examine the role of humans in the generation of ecosystem services, and the factors that might help us to understand diversity in these processes. We analyzed 47 qualitative interviews with people using a mixed woodland-farmland-upland ecosystem in Fife, Scotland, for a variety of activities. Interviewees mentioned a wide range of ecosystem services, especially provisioning and cultural services, which were closely connected to human activities in the place. We term the interactions between people and place that lead to ecosystem services here 'co-production', and distinguish between: (a) the co-production of ecosystem structures; (b) the co-production of the services proper and (c) the attribution, i.e., construction, of meaning to these structures and services. All three processes could be carried out by individuals or jointly, by groups of people, and the social nature of the interaction often added meaning and value to the co-production process. Two sets of factors, clustered under the headings of 'identities' and 'capabilities', shaped these interactions, and helped us to understand variation in people's engagement with the ecosystem as well as their views on ecosystem disservices. While further research is needed to explore the usefulness of our analytical framework in other contexts, our findings suggest that identities and capabilities of people have to be considered much more strongly than is currently the case in standard ecosystem services assessments, as these influence which ecosystem structures are eventually turned into benefits, and give important insights into the environmental justice related to the distribution of ecosystem benefits.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fischer","given":"Anke","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eastwood","given":"Antonia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Land Use Policy","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"41-50","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Coproduction of ecosystem services as human-nature interactions-An analytical framework","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7ca13b19-6ba2-4e14-b199-8ea7e82b1fff"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[160]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[160]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[160]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[160]. Assigned values on the other hand are contextual representations of the worth or importance of an object to a person or group ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.007","ISSN":"0921-8009","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scholte","given":"Samantha S K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van","family":"Teeffelen","given":"Astrid J A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Verburg","given":"Peter H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"67-78","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Integrating socio-cultural perspectives into ecosystem service valuation : A review of concepts and methods","type":"article-journal","volume":"114"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6d2a891e-67bc-42b1-80e3-016d0da32925"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[83]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[83]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[83]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[83]. It is in this sense that the values of ecosystem services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/0309133311423172","ISSN":"03091333","abstract":"The 'ecosystem service' debate has taken on many features of a classic Kuhnian paradigm. It challenges conventional wisdoms about conservation and the value of nature, and is driven as much by political agendas as scientific ones. In this paper we review some current and emerging issues arising in relation to the analysis and assessment of ecosystem services, and in particular emphasize the need for physical geographers to find new ways of characterizing the structure and dynamics of service providing units. If robust and relevant valuations are to be made of the contribution that natural capital makes to human well-being, then we need a deeper understanding of the way in which the drivers of change impact on the marginal outputs of ecosystem services. A better understanding of the trade-offs that need to be considered when dealing with multifunctional ecosystems is also required. Future developments must include methods for describing and tracking the stocks and flows that characterize natural capital. This will support valuation of the benefits estimation of the level of reinvestment that society must make in this natural capital base if it is to be sustained. We argue that if the ecosystem service concept is to be used seriously as a framework for policy and management then the biophysical sciences generally, and physical geography in particular, must go beyond the uncritical 'puzzle solving' that characterizes recent work. A geographical perspective can provide important new, critical insights into the place-based approaches to ecosystem assessment that are now emerging. The Author(s) 2011.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Progress in Physical Geography","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"575-594","title":"Ecosystem services: Exploring a geographical perspective","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=88fc7d8e-b021-4a54-9aea-04bb4a391bfa"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[161]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[161]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[161]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[161] , green spaces ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.013","ISSN":"10958630","PMID":"24921963","abstract":"The concept of value is central to the practice and science of ecological management and conservation. There is a well-developed body of theory and evidence that explores concepts of value in different ways across different disciplines including philosophy, economics, sociology and psychology. Insight from these disciplines provides a robust and sophisticated platform for considering the role of social values in ecological conservation, management and research. This paper reviews theories of value from these disciplines and discusses practical tools and instruments that can be utilised by researchers and practitioners. A distinction is highlighted between underlying values that shape people's perception of the world (e.g. altruistic or biospheric value orientations), and the values that people assign to things in the world (e.g. natural heritage, money). Evidence from numerous studies has shown that there are multiple pathways between these values and attitudes, beliefs and behaviours relevant to ecological management and conservation. In an age of increasing anthropogenic impacts on natural systems, recognising how and why people value different aspects of ecological systems can allow ecological managers to act to minimise conflict between stakeholders and promote the social acceptability of management activities. A series of practical guidelines are provided to enable social values to be better considered in ecosystem management and research. 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ives","given":"Christopher D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kendal","given":"Dave","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"67-72","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The role of social values in the management of ecological systems","type":"article-journal","volume":"144"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8dc477fc-6089-42df-9bed-4e814a282add"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[162]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[162]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[162]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[162] and other environmental attributes are often discussed. Valuation deals with the assessment of trade-offs towards achieving a goal. An understanding of the values of ecosystem services for example aids in making decisions regarding environmental management options ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/su9050850","ISSN":"20711050","abstract":"Ecosystem services has risen to become one of the preeminent global policy discourses framing the way we conceive and articulate environment-society relations, integral to the form and function of a number of far-reaching international policies such as the Aichi 2020 Biodiversity Targets and the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals. Value; its pursuit, definition, quantification, monetization, multiplicity and uncertainty, both in terms of meaning and attribution, is fundamental to the economic foundations of ecosystem services and a core feature driving its inclusion across multiple policy domains such as environmental management and conservation. Distilling current knowledge and developments in this arena are thus highly prescient. In this article, we cast a critical eye over the evidence base and aim to provide a comprehensive synthesis of what values are, why they are important and the methodological approaches employed to elicit them (including their pros and cons and the arguments for and against). We also illustrate the current ecosystem service value landscape, highlight some of the fundamental challenges in discerning and applying values, and outline future research activities. In so doing, we further advance ecosystem valuation discourse, contribute to wider debates linking ecosystem services and sustainability and strengthen connections between ecosystem services and environmental policy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hejnowicz","given":"Adam P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rudd","given":"Murray A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-34","title":"The value landscape in ecosystem services: Value, value wherefore art thou value?","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6d12d032-dc83-40b1-a5e4-8e4f05d52c80"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[163]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[163]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[163]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[163]. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/su9050850","ISSN":"20711050","abstract":"Ecosystem services has risen to become one of the preeminent global policy discourses framing the way we conceive and articulate environment-society relations, integral to the form and function of a number of far-reaching international policies such as the Aichi 2020 Biodiversity Targets and the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals. Value; its pursuit, definition, quantification, monetization, multiplicity and uncertainty, both in terms of meaning and attribution, is fundamental to the economic foundations of ecosystem services and a core feature driving its inclusion across multiple policy domains such as environmental management and conservation. Distilling current knowledge and developments in this arena are thus highly prescient. In this article, we cast a critical eye over the evidence base and aim to provide a comprehensive synthesis of what values are, why they are important and the methodological approaches employed to elicit them (including their pros and cons and the arguments for and against). We also illustrate the current ecosystem service value landscape, highlight some of the fundamental challenges in discerning and applying values, and outline future research activities. In so doing, we further advance ecosystem valuation discourse, contribute to wider debates linking ecosystem services and sustainability and strengthen connections between ecosystem services and environmental policy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hejnowicz","given":"Adam P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rudd","given":"Murray A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-34","title":"The value landscape in ecosystem services: Value, value wherefore art thou value?","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6d12d032-dc83-40b1-a5e4-8e4f05d52c80"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[163]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[163]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[163]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[163] further distinguishes between three overarching categories of values ideal, real/objective and subjective values. They describe ideal values as relating to non-physical objects and the determinant of value is the goodness imparted on them (e.g. justice, liberty etc). Real/objective values emphasize scientific rationality and their validity is established through scientific processes. The third category - subjective values, are derived from the perceptions of individuals or social groups and they are socially constructed and therefore not fixed or absolute ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.02.008","ISSN":"2212-0416","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spangenberg","given":"Joachim H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Settele","given":"Josef","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"100-109","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Value pluralism and economic valuation defendable if well done","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=383967f3-bc12-42ad-a056-699336cb6c62"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[164]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[164]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[164]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[164] . It is the subjective category that accommodates shared and social values of groups [ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.010","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"xxxx","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Editorial : Shared , plural and cultural values","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3d212ec3-0d30-4382-af97-fb5a0fb90409"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[165]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[165]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[165]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[165], ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.006","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Valuation that focuses only on individual values evades the substantial collective and intersubjective meanings, significance and value from ecosystems. Shared, plural and cultural values of ecosystems constitute a diffuse and interdisciplinary field of research, covering an area that links questions around value ontology, elicitation and aggregation with questions of participation, ethics, and social justice. Synthesising understanding from various contributions to this Special Issue of Ecosystem Services, and with a particular focus on deliberation and deliberative valuation, we discuss key findings and present 35 future research questions in eight topic areas: 1) the ontology of shared values; 2) the role of catalyst and conflict points; 3) shared values and cultural ecosystem services; 4) transcendental values; 5) the process and outcomes of deliberation; 6) deliberative monetary valuation; 7) value aggregation, meta-values and rules of the game; and 8) integrating valuation methods. The results of this Special Issue and these key questions can help develop a more extensive evidence base to mature the area and develop environmental valuation into a more pluralistic, comprehensive, robust, legitimate and effective way of safeguarding ecosystems and their services for the future.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Christopher M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tett","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"note":"A Clear Definition of values\nShared values and deliberative valuation: Future directions\nJasper O. Kentera,N , Rosalind Bryceb, Michael Christiec, Nigel Cooperd,m, Neal Hockleye, Katherine N. Irvinef, Ioan Fazeyg, Liz O Brienh, Johanne Orchard-Webbi, Neil Ravenscrofti, Christopher M. Raymondj, Mark S. Reedk, Paul Tetta, Verity Watsonl\na Laurence Mee Centre for Society and the Sea, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, UK b Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Perth, UK c Aberystwyth Business School, Aberystwyth University, UK d Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK e School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, UK f Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK g Centre for Environmental Change and Human Resilience, University of Dundee, UK h","page":"358-371","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Shared values and deliberative valuation: Future directions","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7844ac49-662e-4b1c-b3bc-e2ed86386aec"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[152]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[152]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[152]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[152], ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Ecosystem services and the idea of shared values . White Rose Research Online URL for this paper : Article : Ecosystem services and the idea of shared values","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fbe34ea4-1e42-4aae-81f0-2c713b4d6a84"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[166]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[166]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[166]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[166]]. The next section of this review provides insights into the different values of ecosystem services being studied in ESS literature. 2.6.2 Values of ecosystem services 2.6.2.1 Total Economic Value In describing the values of ecosystem services, the Millennium Ecosystem Services (MEA) also recognizes the concept of Total Economic Value (TEV). The Total Economic Value (TEV) is a framework of valuation which is based on the concept of utilitarian benefits obtained from ecosystem services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. It seeks to assign values based on the utilities that are served by the ecosystem. It divides values into three broad categories Use, Non-use and Option Values ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The Use values are values that are utilized for consumption or production purposes. They may be obtained from tangible or intangible services and are further divided into direct use and indirect use values. Ecosystem services with direct use can either be consumptive - when their use results in the depletion of resources available for other peoples use (e.g. harvesting of food or fuel) or non-consumptive when their use does not result in the depletion of resources available to others (e.g. recreation, water sports etc.). These two types correspond to the MEA categories of provisioning and cultural services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Indirect Use values are indicative of the values of those ecosystem services that are not utilized directly but help to promote the consumption or enjoyment of other services. Things like soil, nutrient recycling, pollination, waste assimilation etc fall under this category and they correspond to the MEA categories of supporting and regulating services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The non-use values are also referred to as existence value or passive values. It is valuable simply because it exists. Some researchers posit that it has an overlap with option values. Option values signify ecosystem services that are not currently being utilized but hold value by the assurance of their existence for future use either directly or indirectly. In simple terms, they provide options for use by future generations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.17221/96/2021-JFS","ISSN":"1805935X","abstract":"Adequate assessment of ecosystem services is important for the development of policies and management plans related to forestry activities and the environment. Carefully identified ecosystem values can determine which options policy makers should prioritize to provide the greatest benefit. There are numerous methods used by researchers to evaluate ecosystem services. The most widely applied methods are monetary valuation methods, they are often deemed to be the most pragmatic language when it comes to communication with political and business institutions. The main goal of this review is to analyse available literature using the methodology particular to the scoping review approach in order to identify and describe valuation methods that can be applied for monetary assessment of ecosystem services. As a result of the scoping review, over 20 monetary valuation techniques (including several less common methods such as willingness to sell and Delphi method) were derived from 16 literature sources. In the process of compiling the range of different methods, a few flaws and gaps in the communication of methods were observed such as lack of consistency in the names of different methods and mixing up concepts. In addition, a few areas for future research are suggested.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Selivanov","given":"Egor","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hlav kov","given":"Petra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Forest Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"499-511","title":"Methods for monetary valuation of ecosystem services: A scoping review","type":"article-journal","volume":"67"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fd31a67-640c-4d8c-a833-f22e5807998d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[167]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[167]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[167]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[167]. A typical example is bequest ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/f10050421","ISSN":"19994907","abstract":"Forest-based ecosystem services (ES) play a vital role in improving people's livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Prior studies have focused on technical aspects of economic valuation such as biophysical quantification through modeling and mapping, or monetary valuation, while little attention has been paid to the social dimensions. Taking case studies of two dominant community-based forest management systems (community forestry-CF and collaborative forestry-CFM) in the Chure region of Nepal, we investigate how local users and other stakeholders perceive the valuation of forest-based ecosystem services based on proximity (nearby vs. distant users), socio-economic class (rich vs. poor users), and forest management modalities (CF vs. CFM). We found that local users and other stakeholders in the Chure region identified a total of 42 forest-based ecosystem services: 16 provisioning, 15 regulating, and 11 cultural services. While all local users prioritised firewood, water quality improvement, and bequest values as the top three services, genetic resources, hazard protection, and hunting services were valued as having the lowest priority. The priorities placed on other services varied in many respects. For instance, rich users living near a CF showed a strong preference for fodder, grasses, and soil conservation services whereas users living far from forests prioritised timber, fresh water, and flood control services. In the case of CFM, rich users adjacent to forests preferred timber, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration services but those living far from forests chose timber, poles, and flood control as their top priorities. Differences in rankings also occurred among the regional managers, national experts, and forest users. The reasons for these differences and their policy implications are discussed, and ways of reaching consensus between the users are suggested.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Acharya","given":"Ram Prasad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maraseni","given":"Tek Narayan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cockfield","given":"Geoff","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Forests","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-20","title":"Local users and other stakeholders' perceptions of the identification and prioritization of ecosystem services in fragile mountains: A case study of Chure region of Nepal","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9cbbe0dd-b158-41b7-847a-280779e4056b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[168]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[168]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[168]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[168]. Figure 5 is a schematic showing the different classifications of the Total Economic Value of ecosystem services.  Figure 5: Total Economic Value. Source: ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1] The figure above is a diagrammatic presentation of the different classifications of total economic value into two broad classes Use Value and Non-use Value. The Use value is further divided into direct, indirect and option use values while the non-use value is essentially composed of existential value. The commonly used valuation methods for the different value classes are also shown in the diagram. The TEV is an aspect of economic valuation that involves the utilization of different techniques like the Willingness to pay (WTP) or the Willingness to accept payment (WTA). The WTP is slightly different from the WTA in that WTP is used when an individual is not the owner of the service while WTA is used when the individual is the owner of the service. Over time, WTA has been found to be consistently higher than WTP. As a result, WTP is more widely used because it presents a more conservative estimate. The WTA and WTP are all classified as part of contingent valuation method which seeks to estimate the economic value of some services ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1109/ICMSE.2009.5318220","ISBN":"9781424439706","abstract":"Natural environments provide a wide variety of goods and services to a country's population. Many of these goods and services are provided indirectly - that is, there is no explicit link between the service providers and the users of the services. This is usually due to the spatial separation between the environmental services providers and the users of the same environmental service.As a result, Ecosystem managers have little economic incentive to improve environmental management, the environment is often degraded in many places and the environmental services are not enough for users. The survey of Willingness To Pay (WTP) and the analysis of influencing factors are of great help to the establishement of ecological compensation mechnism. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is adopted to evaluate WTP of local residents along Jinhua River Basin for environmental services and Ordered Probit Model & Binary Probit Model is used to analyze the influencing factors of the maximum WTP and the payment mode. The results indicate that, among those residents, 78.4% residents have the WTP, with average maximum WTP of RMB 24.87 per household/month and RMB 298.46 per household/year; maximum WTP has a positive correlation with education level and income; importance of environment to economy shows little significant influence on maximum WTP; age and maximum WTP follow quadratic function relation; the importance of environment to economy and education level lead to the larger probability to pay the ecological compensation taxes; gender, age, whether suffered from pollution disaster or not and maximum WTP have no obvious influence on residents' choice of payment modes. 2009 IEEE.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zheng","given":"Hai Xia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tu","given":"Qin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"2009 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering - 16th Annual Conference Proceedings, ICMSE 2009","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"752-758","publisher":"IEEE","title":"Analysis on willingness to pay for environmental services and its impacts in Jinhua river","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ba7cc2ae-bd3d-4d10-8d35-7f003439892e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[169]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[169]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[169]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[169]. Another method used in economic valuations is the concept of benefit transfer which deals with the transfer and superimposition of the estimates of the economic value of a service in a particular location on the same service in another location. A subject of much controversy, it has been modified with certain conditions including that the characteristics of the location being valued must be the same with that of the primary location providing the value ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.082","ISSN":"18791026","PMID":"26277441","abstract":"The development of the Water Framework Directive aimed to establish an integrated framework of water management at European level. This framework revolves around inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground waters. In the process of achieving the environment and ecological objectives set from the Directive, the role of economics is put in the core of the water management. An important feature of the Directive is the recovery of total economic cost of water services by all users. The total cost of water services can be disaggregated into environmental, financial and resource costs. Another important aspect of the directive is the identification of major drivers and pressures in each River Basin District. We describe a methodology that is aiming to achieve sustainable and environmental and socioeconomic management of freshwater ecosystem services. The Ecosystem Services Approach is in the core of the suggested methodology for the implementation of a more sustainable and efficient water management. This approach consists of the following three steps: (i) socio-economic characterization of the River Basin area, (ii) assessment of the current recovery of water use cost, and (iii) identification and suggestion of appropriate programs of measures for sustainable water management over space and time. This methodology is consistent with a) the economic principles adopted explicitly by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), b) the three-step WFD implementation approach adopted in the WATECO document, c) the Ecosystem Services Approach to valuing freshwater goods and services to humans. Furthermore, we analyze how the effects of multiple stressors and socio-economic development can be quantified in the context of freshwater resources management. We also attempt to estimate the value of four ecosystem services using the benefit transfer approach for the Anglian River Basin, which showed the significance of such services.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koundouri","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ker Rault","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pergamalis","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Skianis","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Souliotis","given":"I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","1","1"]]},"page":"90-100","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Development of an integrated methodology for the sustainable environmental and socio-economic management of river ecosystems","type":"article-journal","volume":"540"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81787111-6787-49c4-87c7-28b729402952"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[170]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[170]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[170]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[170]. Choice modeling like Choice experiments involves making a choice between different alternatives of a particular ecosystem. Here, the participants are required to choose their favourite alternative out of several including the status quo ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.082","ISSN":"18791026","PMID":"26277441","abstract":"The development of the Water Framework Directive aimed to establish an integrated framework of water management at European level. This framework revolves around inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground waters. In the process of achieving the environment and ecological objectives set from the Directive, the role of economics is put in the core of the water management. An important feature of the Directive is the recovery of total economic cost of water services by all users. The total cost of water services can be disaggregated into environmental, financial and resource costs. Another important aspect of the directive is the identification of major drivers and pressures in each River Basin District. We describe a methodology that is aiming to achieve sustainable and environmental and socioeconomic management of freshwater ecosystem services. The Ecosystem Services Approach is in the core of the suggested methodology for the implementation of a more sustainable and efficient water management. This approach consists of the following three steps: (i) socio-economic characterization of the River Basin area, (ii) assessment of the current recovery of water use cost, and (iii) identification and suggestion of appropriate programs of measures for sustainable water management over space and time. This methodology is consistent with a) the economic principles adopted explicitly by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), b) the three-step WFD implementation approach adopted in the WATECO document, c) the Ecosystem Services Approach to valuing freshwater goods and services to humans. Furthermore, we analyze how the effects of multiple stressors and socio-economic development can be quantified in the context of freshwater resources management. We also attempt to estimate the value of four ecosystem services using the benefit transfer approach for the Anglian River Basin, which showed the significance of such services.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koundouri","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ker Rault","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pergamalis","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Skianis","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Souliotis","given":"I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","1","1"]]},"page":"90-100","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Development of an integrated methodology for the sustainable environmental and socio-economic management of river ecosystems","type":"article-journal","volume":"540"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81787111-6787-49c4-87c7-28b729402952"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[170]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[170]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[170]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[170]. 2.6.2.2 Shared Social Values A value type advocated by proponents of a non-economic method of valuation is shared social values. It is considered to be significantly important especially in the cultural ecosystem discourse. As the name suggests, shared values imply values that are owned not by an individual but by a group or community. The term social is indicative of the context and process through which such values are formed which is basically through a social process of deliberation. Therefore, the notion of shared or social values represents those values that we come to hold and assign through our interactions with others in one way or another, informing and shaping a concept of the common good ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34]. The term shared values has often been used to refer to guiding principles and normative values that are shared by groups or communities or to refer to cultural values more generally ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34]. They may be cultural norms, public interests or contextual values. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. 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Figure 6: Shared and social values framework. Source: ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34] The value concept deals with three concepts transcendental values, contextual values and values indicators. Transcendental values are guiding principles that transcend specific situations. They determine how people judge and justify actions and behaviours. Contextual values are opinions of worth or importance that is assigned to something while value indicators a measure of the worth or importance of a thing either monetarily or in non-monetary terms. The value provider signifies the entities that provide the value whether they are societies, communities, groups or individuals. The elicitation process seeks to differentiate between the values produced through a deliberative process versus a non-deliberative process. The value scale describes the scope, the magnitude and the reach of value expression. It could either be at the individual level or societal level ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34]. The final dimension of Kenters classification framework is value intention. Values intention explains whether values are self-focused or other-centered/altruistic. The Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) also makes a case for three types of values based on peoples relationship with nature and natures contributions to people (NCP). They include intrinsic, instrumental and relational values ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11625-019-00718-4","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"18624057","abstract":"Relational value (RV) has recently been introduced as a third class of values for understanding values of nature and are thought to sit alongside more familiar axiological categories such as instrumental and intrinsic value. The concept has quickly gained ground in and promises to better capture how people and collectives perceive of their wellbeing and make choices that involve the natural world. While the idea of relational value is not without merits, its initial and current conceptualization raises questions about how it relates to existing value concepts. Here, we start from an interdisciplinary perspective and delineate how the concept can contribute to addressing problems in three fields that deal with environmental values in different ways: environmental ethics; ecosystem services valuation; and environmental psychology. We provide an overview of value concepts in each field and show how relational value has been described or applied. Our analysis shows that value concepts are used to solve different problems in the three fields, and these differences have implications for how relational value can be framed and situated in values theory. These differences involve e.g., the descriptive question of how people value nature versus the normative questions of why nature should be valued. We show how the concept can be seen as solving the problem of narrow conceptualizations of intrinsic and instrumental value in ecosystem services valuation and suggest that RV can be conceived of as an epistemological framing rather than a values concept. The concept also has potential to function as a boundary object to provide cross-fertilization of disciplinary perspectives.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stlhammar","given":"Sanna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thorn","given":"Henrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1201-1212","publisher":"Springer Japan","title":"Three perspectives on relational values of nature","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=157b4019-d2b5-489a-907b-5bce511802d1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[171]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[171]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[171]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[171]. Intrinsic values are values inherent in nature. They are not ascribed or generated by people but independent of human experience or valuation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so. While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledgepolicy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. We argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and 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approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"26-27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=156f534e-ef33-4d35-b969-2d1276e531f0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[41]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[41]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[41]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[41]. Instrumental values are ascribed to nature as a means of achieving human preferences. These values are indicative of the human needs met. Relational values are values that do not directly emanate from nature but are derivative of our relationships with it and our responsibilities towards it ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1525002113","ISSN":"10916490","PMID":"26862158","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benessaiah","given":"Karina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapman","given":"Mollie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannahs","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jax","given":"Kurt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luck","given":"Gary W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martn-Lpez","given":"Berta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muraca","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norton","given":"Bryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ott","given":"Konrad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tadaki","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taggart","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turner","given":"Nancy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1462-1465","title":"Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"113"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=20472dbd-aacc-4a0a-b056-737bb522634c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[39]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[39]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[39]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[39]  Figure 7: Main types of values (according to IPBES). Source: ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and often conflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) in decision making, as well as broad methodological steps for doing so. While developed within the context of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable to initiatives at the knowledgepolicy interface, which require a pluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. We argue that transformative practices aiming at sustainable futures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stakeholder groups that hold different values on human nature-relations and 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approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"26-27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dd34cb81-5092-4181-9c54-887f3fe29210"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[41]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[41]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[41]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[41] 2.6.2.2.1 How Shared Values are assessed Similar to the economic valuation of ecosystem services, there are several methods that have been adopted for the valuation of shared values of ecosystem services. These methods are deeply rooted in the adoption of deliberative procedures. Furthermore, some studies have been carried out to incorporate monetary variables in the valuation of ecosystem services. An example is the concept of deliberative democratic monetary valuations which are aimed at eliciting a groups willingness to pay for a good or service. It is just one of the several other variants of deliberative methods. Table 3 gives an overview of the different valuation methods used in assessing shared values. Table 3: Overview of methods that can be used to assess shared, plural and cultural values ( Adapted from ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34]) Technique Description DeliberativeIn-depth discussion groups Group (usually 4 8 people) discussions (often repeated), during which participants shape the terms of discussion, develop themes in ways relevant to their own needs and priorities. Citizens juries A small cross section of the general public who come to a considered judgement about a stated policy issue / problem through detailed exposure to, and scrutiny of, the relevant evidence base. Group responds by providing a recommendation or verdict. Deliberative opinion polls Technique designed to observe the evolution of the views of a large citizen test group as they learn about a topic. Typically the group votes on the issues before and after an extended debate. Analytical-deliberative Participatory modelling The involvement of stakeholders in the design and content of analytical models that represent ecosystem services and their benefits under different spatial and temporal conditions. Deliberative monetary valuation Techniques that use formal methods of group deliberation to come to a decision on monetary values for environmental change. May be allied to survey-based techniques (contingent valuation or choice experiments) or use a non-econometric approach to establish values (e.g. by incorporating citizens juries). Deliberative multi-criteria analysis Techniques that involve groups of stakeholders designing formal criteria against which to judge the non-monetary and (sometimes) monetary costs and benefits of different management options as the basis for making a decision. Interpretive, potentially deliberative Participatory mapping/GIS A group of stakeholders consider or create a physical or digital map to indicate landscape features that are valuable (and/or problematic). Participants may also rate or rank these features for importance. Map layers can also incorporate photo, video, artwork, poetry etc. Storytelling Participants are asked to tell stories about their experiences of or in relation to places. These may be reflected upon in a group setting to discuss values related to these experiences. InterviewsParticipants are interviewed about their values, beliefs and preferences. Group interviews allow for deliberation and are similar to in-depth discussion groups. However, in group interviews, terms are set by the interviewer rather than the group. Interpretive Media analysis Use of a range of textual analysis tools (particularly content, frame and discourse analysis) on (mass) media outputs and social media content over a selected period of time. Desk-based cultural history study A wide range of qualitative techniques including ethnography and participant observation, genealogy, life history methods, dramaturgical analysis, textual analysis of various sorts including discourse, content and frame analysis. Other interpretive methods A wide range of qualitative techniques including ethnography and participant observation, genealogy, life history methods, dramaturgical analysis textual analysis of various sorts including discourse, content and frame analysis. Psychometric deliberative Values compass This method asks participants to consider which of their individual transcendental values are most important by ranking or rating them, and then asks to discuss the degree to which these values are important for ones community, culture or society. Values can also be ranked or rated on a group basis. Psychometric Subjective well-being indicators These can be used to assess how and the degree to which places contribute to ones well-being, and are thus highly suitable for assessing the value of cultural ecosystem services using a quantitative non-monetary metric. Other psychometric Psychometric testing refers to the measurement of psychological phenomena and processes, e.g. knowledge, experience, attitudes, values, beliefs, norms. Psychometric models can be used to better understand the impact of deliberative processes on values.  The table above contains a variety of techniques used in assessing the shared values of groups. It can be noted that each method is suited for a particular context and usage depends on the objective of the researcher, the prevailing circumstance and training or expertise on the chosen method. The WeValue crystallization process which is used in this study is a combination of deliberative, participatory and interpretive processes. 2.6.2.2.2 Current gaps in ESS valuations - Situating ESS in the Values Framework The nature-culture dichotomy prevalent in many conceptualizations of the ecosystem ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/387253a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Costanza","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"D'Arge","given":"Ralph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farber","given":"Stephen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grasso","given":"Monica","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannon","given":"Bruce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Limburg","given":"Karin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"V.","family":"O'Neill","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paruelo","given":"Jose","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raskin","given":"Robert G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sutton","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Belt","given":"Marjan","non-dropping-particle":"Van Den","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6630","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"253-260","title":"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital","type":"article-journal","volume":"387"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ecd61d08-bf70-4054-b6e1-fbc97c6fe249"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tallis","given":"Heather","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lubchenco","given":"Jane","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"27 - 28","title":"A Call for Inclusive Conservation","type":"article-journal","volume":"515"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4a0de8f-379d-4e4a-a4de-5ffe39e502e6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[172]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[172]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[172]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[172] is responsible for the over-emphasis on the tools and outcomes of environmental management (supply) with a resultant effect of insufficient attention being paid to the realistic, localized circumstances of using the tools and producing the effects (demand) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.09.006","ISSN":"00167185","abstract":"We propose an analysis of environmental management (EM) as work and as practical activity. This approach enables empirical studies of the diverse ways in which professionals, scientists, NGO staffers, and activists achieve the partial manageability of specific \"environments\". In this introduction, we sketch the debates in Human Geography, Management Studies, and Science and Technology Studies to which this special issue contributes. We identify the limits of understanding EM though the framework of ecological modernisation, and show how political ecology and work-place studies provide important departures towards a more critical approach. Developing these further, into a cosmopolitical direction, we propose studying EM as sets of socially and materially situated practices. This enables a shift away from established approaches which treat EM either as a toolbox whose efficiency has to be assessed, or as simply the implementation of dominant projects and the materialisation of hegemonic discourse. Such a shift renders EM as always messy practices of engagement, critique and improvisation. We conclude that studying the distributed and situated managing agencies, actors and their practices allows to imagine new forms of critical interventions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lippert","given":"Ingmar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Krause","given":"Franz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hartmann","given":"Niklas Klaus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klaus","given":"Niklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Geoforum","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"107-114","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Environmental management as situated practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"66"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=51ce323e-c146-474c-8f04-559134445179"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[173]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[173]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[173]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[173]. These practical, local, social and material contingencies are referred to as situated practices. There are increasing calls to consider situated managing agencies, actors and their practices in environmental management so as to inform new areas of critical intervention ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.09.006","ISSN":"00167185","abstract":"We propose an analysis of environmental management (EM) as work and as practical activity. This approach enables empirical studies of the diverse ways in which professionals, scientists, NGO staffers, and activists achieve the partial manageability of specific \"environments\". In this introduction, we sketch the debates in Human Geography, Management Studies, and Science and Technology Studies to which this special issue contributes. We identify the limits of understanding EM though the framework of ecological modernisation, and show how political ecology and work-place studies provide important departures towards a more critical approach. Developing these further, into a cosmopolitical direction, we propose studying EM as sets of socially and materially situated practices. This enables a shift away from established approaches which treat EM either as a toolbox whose efficiency has to be assessed, or as simply the implementation of dominant projects and the materialisation of hegemonic discourse. Such a shift renders EM as always messy practices of engagement, critique and improvisation. We conclude that studying the distributed and situated managing agencies, actors and their practices allows to imagine new forms of critical interventions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lippert","given":"Ingmar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Krause","given":"Franz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hartmann","given":"Niklas Klaus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klaus","given":"Niklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Geoforum","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"107-114","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Environmental management as situated practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"66"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=51ce323e-c146-474c-8f04-559134445179"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[173]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[173]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[173]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[173]. Situated knowledge require that the object of knowledge be pictured as an actor and agent, not as a screen or a ground or a resourceADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haraway","given":"Donna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Feminist Studies","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"page":"575-599","title":"SITUATED KNOWLEDGES : THE SCIENCE QUESTION IN FEMINISM OF PARTIAL AND THE PRIVILEGE","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=08b621d9-f85c-4871-8c50-770f5095cdad"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[174]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[174]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[174]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[174]. The adoption of this situated practice perspective in ESS research will ensure that ESS knowledge is locatable and accountable ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12253-260224","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are heralded as an approach that communicates across disciplines and between researchers and resource managers, encouraging more environmentally sustainable human behavior. However, most studies presuppose that values are ontologically distinct from ecosystem services without examining what this framing enables and occludes about human and other- than-human relations. Through a reflexive research approach, we conduct a conventional photo elicitation ES survey among four groups in Moorea, French Polynesia, while also eliciting respondents evaluations of the survey method, and documenting the method in action as participants interacted with it. Photo elicitation results suggest that fishers valued the subsistence fishery while scientists favored habitats, yet all stakeholders were concerned about the role of economic activities in contributing to environmental degradation. Yet, survey participants had difficulties with interpreting the photos of ecosystem services as intended, an indication that the ES framework commits to a nature-culture dualism and displaces other ways of ordering human and other-than-human relations, particularly those present throughout the Global South. We argue that ecosystem services research is best treated as a situated practice where researcher and research participants jointly produce intended and unintended results and outcomes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Chelsea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Ecosystems services research in action : reflexively valuing environments in the South Pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ac07ac9b-f74b-43c0-b2a2-ce89984735fb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[151]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[151]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[151]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[151]. 2.6.2.2.3 Our Fresh Approach for ESS The persisting challenge of producing and incorporating culturally appropriate indicators is reported in other domains. For example, sustainable development, which has three established pillars financial, environmental and social, still advocates for a fourth category, a values-based dimension ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1504/ijsd.2005.007375","ISSN":"09601406","abstract":"The sustainability concepts of the 'Brundtland-Report' and the 'Rio documents' call for a combination of ecological, economic, social and institutional aspects of social development. This paper describes briefly, several models of sustainability and discusses social sustainability as conceptualised in selected sustainability indicators. In an attempt to remedy the lack of sociological theory, the paper proposes a sustainability concept, which is based on the concepts of needs and work, as an activity to fulfil these needs and as the principal exchange process between society and nature. Moreover, this paper argues in favour of recognition of social sustainability as both a normative and analytical concept. Copyright 2005 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Littig","given":"Beate","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grieler","given":"Erich","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"65-79","title":"Social sustainability: A catchword between political pragmatism and social theory","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1b6ba48-6212-4a10-85a1-afff6797396d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[175]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[175]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[175]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[175] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.032","ISSN":"1470160X","abstract":"In a world faced with accelerating climate change, economic instability and resource limits, it is urgent to find better indicators of progress towards sustainability. The available indicators mostly succeed at measuring unsustainable trends that can be targeted by management action, but fall short of defining or ensuring sustainability. A recent review of environmental assessment and reporting at the national level for the United Nations Environment Programme shows about half of reporting countries to be using indicators and provides some lessons learned. However indicators at the national level are not sufficient. The challenges ahead include finding indicators of change in dynamic systems, establishing sustainability targets towards which national progress can be measured, developing global level indicators of planetary sustainability, and providing individuals with indicators reflecting their own progress and providing positive incentives for further efforts. Finally, since achieving sustainability is fundamentally an ethical challenge, a new set of values-based indicators is required to measure and motivate the implementation of ethical principles necessary to guide the transition towards sustainability. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur Lyon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Indicators","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"14-19","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Achievements and gaps in indicators for sustainability","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=905421b0-2078-4f51-a4fd-71f7cad6e3d8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. The emerging contribution of this next-generation evaluation tool to other fields, such as environmental values, development and environmental sustainable development, shared values, business, education and organisational change is outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Field trials of a novel toolkit for evaluating 'intangible' values-related dimensions of projects","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1d6d98f-98f6-4ddf-9d94-220230e3100e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[18,176]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[18,176]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[18,176]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[18,176]). Similarly UNESCO ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hayashi","given":"Nao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boccardi","given":"Giovanni","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hassan","given":"Nada","non-dropping-particle":"Al","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Culture in the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda: Why is Culture Key to Sustainable Development?","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September 2012","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-10","title":"Culture In The New International Development Paradigm","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f8b64867-41bd-421d-8f47-ec3581330ed9"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"9780987403315","abstract":"A priority in achieving sustainability and well-being for all This Policy Brief argues that the foremost priority for educational development should now be on enhancing quality, transcending past objectives focused primarily on access and attainment (i.e., Education For All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals). Enhancing Quality Education should become a cornerstone of both the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the post-2014 Global Action Programme on ESD for quality education is essential for further progress across all dimensions of sustainable development. Enhancing Quality Education can be achieved through integration of a holistic perspective on education for sustainable development (ESD) and use of measurable learning targets/outcomes. This Policy Brief presents an ESD Learning Performance Framework (LPF), addressing both learning processes and educational contents, that provides a roadmap for how stron-ger ESD can promote greater educational quality overall. The effectiveness of Quality Education for Sustainable Development could be significantly enhanced through applying the LPF to: Support curriculum developers in designing holistic and relevant school curricula that includes transformative educational and teaching approaches; Strengthen teachers competency for ESD through training on the LPF and its application; Guide school administrators to develop safe learning environments that serve as models of sustainability and support experiential education; Encourage education policy makers to consider transformative learning approaches in educational reforms and the integration of ESD into standard educational policy. The LPF therefore can facilitate well-informed educational policy making, curriculum design, course content, teaching pedagogies, and learning environments. The LPF also provides a basis for developing measurable, qualitative learning targets and pro-gressive indicators for assessing global progress on DESD, the Global Action Programme on ESD and the SDGs, as well as monitoring educational performance at national and local levels.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leo","given":"Joy M.","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"publisher":"UNESCO APNIEVE","publisher-place":"Adelaide, SA","title":"Quality Education for Sustainable Development","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=add52246-3625-4012-b6ca-26c29d6f21d3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[177,178]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[177,178]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[177,178]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[177,178] and The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) also promote a cultural perspective ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"E/C.19/2009/CRP. 3","abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the development, collection and use of cultural indicators of Indigenous Peoples food and agro-ecological systems for policy, planning and advocacy purposes. Audience: The intended users of this paper are Indigenous Peoples Organizations (IPOs), Government departments responsible for data collection and statistics, UN agencies, NGOs, and other development actors. Indigenous Peoples comprise about 5.5 percent of the worlds population, yet they are disproportionately represented among the poor and food insecure, in both developed and developing countries. Indigenous Peoples relationship with their traditional lands and territories forms a core part of their identity and spirituality and is deeply rooted in their culture, language and history. Since land and its resources form the basis of Indigenous Peoples subsistence activities, losing control of these undermines their food and livelihood security and can threaten their survival as peoples. Furthermore, Indigenous Peoples overall health, well-being and cultural continuity are directly related to their ability to eat traditional foods and continue their traditional food practices. These traditional foods and food practices are deeply intertwined with their cultures and value systems, and play an important role in religious ceremonies and spirituality, as well as in songs, dances and myths. While their agro- 8 ecological and food systems offer some signs of resilience and adaptation, a range of factors are increasingly threatening these systems and Indigenous Peoples well-being.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Woodley","given":"Ellen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crowley","given":"Eve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"De","family":"Pryck","given":"Jennie Dey","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carmen","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"February","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"104","title":"Cultural indicators of Indigenous Peoples ' food and agro-ecological systems","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b3eb14bb-5fbb-4dd3-b3a6-df89e066b2a3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.14217/smalst-2007-3-en","abstract":"In this paper, Keith Nurse examins both the culture of sustainable development in terms of how it has evolved as a global agenda and how the cultural arena can be facilitated by the construct of sustainable development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nurse","given":"Keith","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"28-40","title":"Culture as the Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fef9f2cf-40d9-4bcf-a55c-392a61436f90"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[179,180]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[179,180]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[179,180]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[179,180]. These are considered to be operationalizable at group levels using an intersubjective values-based indicator approach (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/su5073035","ISSN":"20711050","abstract":"This paper argues that the need for a core \"fourth pillar\" of sustainability/sustainable development, as demanded in multiple arenas, can no longer be ignored on the grounds of intangibility. Different approaches to this vital but missing pillar (cultural-aesthetic, religious-spiritual, and political-institutional) find common ground in the area of ethical values. While values and aspects based on them are widely assumed to be intangible and immeasurable, we illustrate that it is possible to operationalize them in terms of measurable indicators when they are intersubjectively conceptualized within clearly defined practical contexts. The processes require contextual localization of items, which can nonetheless fit into a generalizable framework. This allows useful measurements to be made, and removes barriers to studying, tracking, comparing, evaluating and correlating values-related dimensions of sustainability. It is advocated that those involved in operationalizing sustainability (especially in the context of creating post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals), should explore the potential for developing indicators to capture some of its less tangible aspects, especially those concerned with ethical values. 2013 by the authors.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Alicia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"3035-3059","title":"Bringing the \"Missing Pillar\" into sustainable development goals: Towards intersubjective values-based indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1265449a-eb76-447a-9a4e-8fed3650ccda"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.04.005","ISSN":"01497189","PMID":"22621861","abstract":"A novel toolkit has been developed, using an original approach to develop its components, for the purpose of evaluating 'soft' outcomes and processes that have previously been generally considered 'intangible': those which are specifically values based. This represents a step-wise, significant, change in provision for the assessment of values-based achievements that are of absolutely key importance to most civil society organisations (CSOs) and values-based businesses, and fills a known gap in evaluation practice. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and rigour of the toolkit by presenting an evaluation of it in three diverse scenarios where different CSOs use it to co-evaluate locally relevant outcomes and processes to obtain results which are both meaningful to them and potentially comparable across organisations. A key strength of the toolkit is its original use of a prior generated, peer-elicited 'menu' of values-based indicators which provides a framework for user CSOs to localise. Principles of participatory, process-based and utilisation-focused evaluation are embedded in this toolkit and shown to be critical to its success, achieving high face-validity and wide applicability. The emerging contribution of this next-generation evaluation tool to other fields, such as environmental values, development and environmental sustainable development, shared values, business, education and organisational change is outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-14","title":"Field trials of a novel toolkit for evaluating 'intangible' values-related dimensions of projects","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1d6d98f-98f6-4ddf-9d94-220230e3100e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[18,181]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[18,181]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[18,181]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[18,181]). This approach has been refined to form the WeValue InSitu crystallization process (WVICP) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"This book explores the complex problem of how to measure the success of social organisations, projects and activities. Whether improving a local situation, organizing a campaign around sustainability, or assessing the intangible effects of perceived social benefits, currently we have only have a very limited range of mechanisms for judging effectiveness. On the one hand, a market-driven logic demands that qualitative perceptions and experiences are quantified into simplified and numerically defined variables. On the other, community projects are left un-assessed, as one-off outcomes of local and situated processes that must somehow automatically make things better. For academics, researchers and other professionals working in this field this has resulted in the deep frustration of not being able to assess the things that are most centrally important: higher human values such as integrity, trust, respect, equality and social justice. Measuring Intangible Values argues that we can make shared social valuesand their measurement-central to decisions about improving civil society. But because these social values are intangible, we need to develop ways of eliciting and validating them at the local level that can capture peoples shared meanings across multiple goals and perspectives. We need to develop mechanisms for evaluating whether these values are met that use rigorous but also relevant measures. And we need to develop ways of doing this that are scalable, transferable and comparable across different kinds of organisations and fields of activity. This book will be valuable for researchers in all social science disciplines which touch on ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"Routledge","title":"Measuring Intangible Values: Rethinking How to Evaluate Socially Beneficial Actions.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=24883576-d5ca-434f-af98-b935a25bb867"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[22,27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[22,27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[22,27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[22,27]. The WeValue InSitu crystallization process was originally designed to help in generating localized, authentic indicators. It was first utilized with civil society organizations who expressed a need to capture the worth of their work using their own indicators and not the conventional key performance indicators which adopted a top-down approach. It was co-developed through action research in a European Union Seventh Framework Program research project ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1476750312467833","ISSN":"17412617","abstract":"A collaborative partnership is developing a values-based indicator framework for use by civil society organizations (CSOs). A key sub-study on the relevance and usability of such indicators was carried out through an action research process with a CSO and it was found that: 1) it was, indeed, possible to develop useful and relevant indicators for the presence of CSO values; 2) it was not useful to tie each indicator to only one value; 3) the indicators were more 'universal' than the values for which they had been derived; 4) these indicators were not considered valid by the user CSO without being 'localized'; 5) the use of our values-based framework caused substantive transformational learning within this CSO. The importance of these findings to studies on values and to design issues central to formal values-based measurement work, such as face validity and catalytic validity, is drawn out. The principles of emancipatory action research used are shown to be key to the results, which themselves form foundational elements that led to key and significant understandings and modifications of the values-based framework. The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luna","given":"Cardiela Amzcua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Action Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"8-30","title":"Can values be measured? Significant contributions from a small civil society organization through action research","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2388166e-f1b9-40ac-a618-725c0f857729"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[21]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[21]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[21]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[21]; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/097340821000400219","ISSN":"0973-4082","abstract":"This descriptive report outlines an innovative project in which Earth Charter International is actively involved. The project aims to develop approaches, indicators and tools for Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to be able to measure values-based aspects and impacts of their work at the project level. Many CSOs have an intuitive feeling that their projects are more successful when there is a resonance of values with those involved; this project aims to make such aspects tangible, measurable and transferable to other CSOs. The two year, EU-funded project called ESDinds is characterised by a collaborative partnership between a geographically and culturally diverse consortium consisting of four CSOs (including the Earth Charter International Secretariat) and two universities. The research design takes an iterative, grounded research approach to indicator development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Alicia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Education for Sustainable Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"297-305","title":"The Earth Charter and the ESDinds Initiative","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0bcd7429-1b80-4738-a6a3-4d91f747e597"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[20]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[20]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[20]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[20]). It has been refined and used to crystallize the intangible values of several groups ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23]. The main product of a WeValue InSitu crystallization process is the contextual depiction of the situated shared values of a group using their own words (For example see Figure 8) also described as their values frameworks. The frameworks are accompanied by a narrative which gives meaning to the statements of values, usually done for the benefit of external people. The WeValue InSitu crystallization process is conducted using a workshop format that lasts for 2 6 hours for groups of 3 15 persons (for ease of management). It has been used in Botswana ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[27]; Nigeria ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26]; UK ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125343","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is considered a cornerstone for advances in sustainability, because transformative shifts in perspective will be necessary for humankind to transition towards it. The theory of transformative learning (TL) has been considered in hundreds of applied studies in diverse fields, yet it remains descriptive and unable to prescribe which conditions and processes could reliably produce TL outcomes. Here an in-depth case study is used to investigate a candidate process from another field and unknown to TL researchers (called WeValue InSitu) which has been reported to regularly produce some forms of informally denoted transformative outcomes. The goal is to determine if these formally qualify, because this would imply the standard WeValue InSitu process could be a reliable way to produce, and investigate, TL and TL outcomes (TLOs). Using grounded thematic open-coding of full transcripts of three sets of post-event interviews, compared against statements made prior to the event, it is shown unambiguously that four outcomes have formal TL nature, as shifts in meaning schemes, one of which developed into a wider shift of meaning perspective over three weeks. These findings indicate that the WeValue InSitu process can likely produce TLOs regularly and identifiably, offering a pedagogical laboratory which can be used for systematic studies to link its sub-processes in detail to the TL outcomes it produces, allowing step-wise progress in theory-building. It also indicates that WeValue InSitu can be prescriptively applied, within its limitations such as maximum group sizes and specialist facilitators, to trigger TL in local groups of villagers, governance officers, environmental enthusiasts, community-based organizations and/or government committees, to become more focused and self-aware and more mobilized towards sustainability actions. This study thus opens the door to new research agenda in theory-building and applications of TL towards sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dike","given":"Felix O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Firoozmand","given":"Firooz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"125343","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Are those really transformative learning outcomes? Validating the relevance of a reliable process","type":"article-journal","volume":"285"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=821e8db3-125d-4917-8ab0-bf6f075cedb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[44]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[44]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[44]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[44]; India, Indonesia and Senegal (https://actionagainststunting.org) and several other countries and group contexts ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"This book explores the complex problem of how to measure the success of social organisations, projects and activities. Whether improving a local situation, organizing a campaign around sustainability, or assessing the intangible effects of perceived social benefits, currently we have only have a very limited range of mechanisms for judging effectiveness. On the one hand, a market-driven logic demands that qualitative perceptions and experiences are quantified into simplified and numerically defined variables. On the other, community projects are left un-assessed, as one-off outcomes of local and situated processes that must somehow automatically make things better. For academics, researchers and other professionals working in this field this has resulted in the deep frustration of not being able to assess the things that are most centrally important: higher human values such as integrity, trust, respect, equality and social justice. Measuring Intangible Values argues that we can make shared social valuesand their measurement-central to decisions about improving civil society. But because these social values are intangible, we need to develop ways of eliciting and validating them at the local level that can capture peoples shared meanings across multiple goals and perspectives. We need to develop mechanisms for evaluating whether these values are met that use rigorous but also relevant measures. And we need to develop ways of doing this that are scalable, transferable and comparable across different kinds of organisations and fields of activity. This book will be valuable for researchers in all social science disciplines which touch on ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"Routledge","title":"Measuring Intangible Values: Rethinking How to Evaluate Socially Beneficial Actions.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=24883576-d5ca-434f-af98-b935a25bb867"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[22]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[22]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[22]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[22]. The prospects for the usefulness of the WeValue InSitu crystallization process is reinforced by some of its features. First, it is highly flexible and not restricted to any expert group. It possesses a wide range of applicability and can accommodate diverse beneficiaries of ecosystem services including the local people. Secondly, it exhibits a high degree of authenticity since participants report that it represents their shared values ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2021.1924109","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen","given":"Sylvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da97ec74-cf19-4ccc-bcf8-b98a427177b9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[24]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[24]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[24]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[24]. Thirdly, the values elicited and crystallized are known to fit into a naturally existing envelope of things considered important to the group ranging from values about family ties, religion and spirituality to environment. So, statements about ESS are found to co-exist naturally with other values of similar importance to the group. The next characteristic of this approach is that it does not interfere with the ideas of the group hence the facilitator only guides the deliberative process but never contributes to the content. Fifthly, since the process involves a lot of sharing, participants usually enjoy the process ensuring improved engagement and participation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2021.1924109","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen","given":"Sylvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da97ec74-cf19-4ccc-bcf8-b98a427177b9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[24]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[24]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[24]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[24]. In summary therefore, the WeValue InSitu crystallization process could be useful in reducing the tensions reported in some studies on cultural ecosystem services. This study aims at eliciting situated shared values of ESS by first assisting the local groups to clearly express what is important to them in their own way and thereafter inspect the envelopes of values statements for the existence of ESS-related values. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.0 Overview In this study, our aim was to explore and identify the situatedness of environmental values and ecosystem services among other social values of a group. The norm in ecosystems research has been to conduct valuation studies in isolation from other human values of the group. In this chapter, we outline the specific methods that were engaged in this study. Our specific aim is to show how we can elicit envelopes of shared and social human values and then retrospectively identify the ecosystem services and environmental values situated within these envelopes of shared values. This chapter provides a roadmap of the methodology that was followed in answering the research question presented in Chapter one. The fundamental methodology involved the use of the WeValue InSitu process to generate the comprehensive range of shared values of individual groups. The choice of the groups is given later in this chapter. Since the WeValue processes are always localized, several operations were carried out prior to the main session. This involved key informant interviews, translation, transcription and coding analysis of the interviews and generation of trigger lists. After the WeValue sessions, the elicited values were further authenticated by the local people as being valid and representative of their true values. An exploration of the perspectives of the participants towards ecosystems was conducted immediately after the WeValue InSitu processes and the data recorded. Both the authentication procedure and the perspectives exploration of the groups were carried out using focus group interviews. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted individually on the participants 2-10 days after the WeValue process in order to obtain data about the effectiveness of the process. Afterwards, the qualitative dataset obtained from the WeValue process i.e. the values envelopes of the various villages were analyzed using the framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment to ascertain which of the value statements were ecosystem service-related (ESS-related). These were then classified into the different categories recognized by the MEA. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was chosen in this study because it was easy to operationalize and demonstrate clearly. Other studies affirm the flexibility of this framework and the ease of applicability (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134581","ISSN":"18791026","PMID":"31734614","abstract":"Mountain ecosystem services (MES) can provide a wide range of benefits for human well-being, including provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services. This systematic review work analyzed existed knowledge and research gaps on MES at the global level. The study used databases of science direct, Scopus and google scholar using searching, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis (SALSA) framework. Using specific keywords for the searching engine, the number of publications linked with MES were about 1252 which published between 1992 and June 2019. But, only 74 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The analysis highlighted the existence of gaps in the literature including case studies from a limited geographical areas, focus on regulating and provisioning services, and lack of studies that explore the kinds of interlink between ecosystem services, and occurrence of limitation linked with data and methodology. From the 74 publications used for analysis, only seven of them were addressed mainly trade-offs and synergies, but most of them focus on quantification, qualification and economic valuation of the services. From the total case studies, the services addressed were summed up to 317 services, and the services such as climate regulation, food and fodder, fresh water, recreation and ecotourism, and erosion regulation studied more. On the contrary, photosynthesis, ornamental resources, net primary production, disease regulation, genetic resources, water purification and waste treatments were the least studied. Therefore, future research works should focus on mountainous areas of no and least studied of its ecosystem services. Critical studies are also required that indicate the link between a human being with MES, the trade-offs and synergies between MES and the influence of human beings on the quality and accessibility of ecosystem services. Besides, priority should be given by researches for methodological development and proposing management option for the mountain ecosystem and resource.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mengist","given":"Wondimagegn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Soromessa","given":"Teshome","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Legese","given":"Gudina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"134581","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Ecosystem services research in mountainous regions: A systematic literature review on current knowledge and research gaps","type":"article-journal","volume":"702"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=621874cf-e4c4-4eb1-9788-1d3e53d2b229"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.12.009","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Recent years have witnessed growing interest in applying ecosystem service (ES) frameworks to promote holistic decision-making and develop sustainable aquaculture. The goal of this review was to analyze the status quo of research on aquaculture ES and identify knowledge gaps and research priorities to better align ES with holistic decision-making. This study conducted a systematic review of the academic literature and analyzed the coverage of aquaculture ES across 94 publications. The research field has evolved substantially in the last ten years, reaching a multidisciplinary audience around the world. While research coverage included all major production environments (coastal marine, brackishwater, and freshwater) and cultured species groups (finfish, bivalves, crustaceans, and seaweeds), emphasis is currently limited towards certain types of aquaculture and study areas (namely, brackishwater shrimp farming). This review found a flexible but inconsistent application of ES concepts and methods to support multiple decision-contexts including policy, development, and conservation. This paper proposes a research agenda to address research gaps, adopt more holistic ES-driven research, and apply consistent and comparable ES measures through an aquaculture lens. Ultimately, this should be supported by a shift in thinking that frames aquaculture as aqua-ecosystems, recognizing aquaculture as fundamentally embedded within linked social and ecological systems.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weitzman","given":"Jenny","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"June 2018","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"194-206","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Applying the ecosystem services concept to aquaculture: A review of approaches, definitions, and uses","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6629de4b-2e7d-4587-8ba0-b455be982e3c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[182,183]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[182,183]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[182,183]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[182,183]; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0067737","ISSN":"19326203","PMID":"23844080","abstract":"Background:Research on ecosystem services has grown exponentially during the last decade. Most of the studies have focused on assessing and mapping terrestrial ecosystem services highlighting a knowledge gap on marine and coastal ecosystem services (MCES) and an urgent need to assess them.Methodology/Principal Findings:We reviewed and summarized existing scientific literature related to MCES with the aim of extracting and classifying indicators used to assess and map them. We found 145 papers that specifically assessed marine and coastal ecosystem services from which we extracted 476 indicators. Food provision, in particular fisheries, was the most extensively analyzed MCES while water purification and coastal protection were the most frequently studied regulating and maintenance services. Also recreation and tourism under the cultural services was relatively well assessed. We highlight knowledge gaps regarding the availability of indicators that measure the capacity, flow or benefit derived from each ecosystem service. The majority of the case studies was found in mangroves and coastal wetlands and was mainly concentrated in Europe and North America. Our systematic review highlighted the need of an improved ecosystem service classification for marine and coastal systems, which is herein proposed with definitions and links to previous classifications.Conclusions/Significance:This review summarizes the state of available information related to ecosystem services associated with marine and coastal ecosystems. The cataloging of MCES indicators and the integrated classification of MCES provided in this paper establish a background that can facilitate the planning and integration of future assessments. The final goal is to establish a consistent structure and populate it with information able to support the implementation of biodiversity conservation policies. 2013 Liquete et al.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liquete","given":"Camino","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piroddi","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Drakou","given":"Evangelia G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gurney","given":"Leigh","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Katsanevakis","given":"Stelios","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Charef","given":"Aymen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Egoh","given":"Benis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"title":"Current Status and Future Prospects for the Assessment of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=64c4c7d6-8808-4802-950e-22554228d5c3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s40068-019-0150-4","ISBN":"4006801901504","ISSN":"2193-2697","abstract":"Ecosystem service (ES) is a growing field of research characterized by an increase in publication number. The review was conducted to provide an overview of trends of forest ecosystem services (FES) research and methodological approach to studied FES. Currently, the number of publications on ES was more than 18,000, but small publications were linked with FES. Based on the selection criteria, 41 peer-reviewed publications were screened to analyze the type of FES studied and the method used to quantify ES. The result showed that most of the research articles, to date, had focused largely on provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services, which were timber production, water supply, carbon sequestration, and recreation. FES like a pollination, genetic resources, pest regulation, and aesthetic values have not been studied in any literature reviews. The review result showed that different studies used diverse methodological approaches and had inconsistent and scattered conclusions. From the selected studies, the majority of them were conducted in Europe and Asia. Particularly, the publication number from Ethiopia was very low and needs to conduct studies before the forest resources are further degraded. (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mengist","given":"Wondimagegn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Soromessa","given":"Teshome","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Systems Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","title":"Assessment of forest ecosystem service research trends and methodological approaches at global level: a meta-analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f4f66bc3-28d1-4d64-9486-b7ecad4deba8"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10533-018-0449-7","ISBN":"1053301804","ISSN":"1573515X","abstract":"Flooding is a major disturbance that impacts aquatic ecosystems and the ecosystem services that they provide. Predicted increases in global flood risk due to land use change and water cycle intensification will likely only increase the frequency and severity of these impacts. Extreme flooding events can cause loss of life and significant destruction to property and infrastructure, effects that are easily recognized and frequently reported in the media. However, flooding also has many other effects on people through freshwater aquatic ecosystem services, which often go unrecognized because they are less evident and can be difficult to evaluate. Here, we identify the effects that small magnitude frequently occurring floods (< 10-year recurrence interval) and extreme floods (> 100-year recurrence interval) have on ten aquatic ecosystem services through a systematic literature review.We focused on ecosystem services considered by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment including: (1) supporting services (primary production, soil formation), (2) regulating services (water regulation, water quality, disease regulation, climate regulation), (3) provisioning services (drinking water, food supply), and (4) cultural services (aesthetic value, recreation and tourism). The literature search resulted in 117 studies and each of the ten ecosystem services was represented by an average of 12 4 studies. Extreme floods resulted in losses in almost every ecosystem service considered in this study. However, small floods had neutral or positive effects on half of the ecosystem services we considered. For example, small floods led to increases in primary production, water regulation, and recreation and tourism. Decision-making that preserves small floods while reducing the impacts of extreme floods can increase ecosystem service provision and minimize losses.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Talbot","given":"Ceara J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bennett","given":"Elena M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cassell","given":"Kelsie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Minor","given":"Elizabeth C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paerl","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Peter A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vargas","given":"Rodrigo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vidon","given":"Philippe G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wollheim","given":"Wilfred","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Xenopoulos","given":"Marguerite A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biogeochemistry","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"439-461","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","title":"The impact of flooding on aquatic ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"141"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=587b2029-8cfd-4d3d-afe5-ed643c4becae"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[184186]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[184186]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[184186]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[184186]. The details of the methods are presented later in this chapter. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, we have accordingly divided the methodology into two parts Data Collection methods and Data Analysis methods. However, there is a preparation phase just before the commencement of the data collection stage. The data collection methods include all the procedures carried out from the commencement of the WeValue InSitu process right up to the end of the WeValue process. The data analysis methods commence from the coding process, through the production of the values envelopes to the identification and final classification of ESS-related statements using the MEA framework. 3.1 The Need for Qualitative Research This study employed qualitative rather than quantitative methods in the execution of the research objectives. By their nature, cultural services provided by ecosystems cannot be properly studied outside of their natural setting. This explains the reason for the adoption of case studies described as datasets in this study. The contextual nature of this study demands that the participants be investigated for not only the services valued but the motivations for such values. Such data cannot be effectively captured by numbers like in the neoclassical economic arena, hence the need for a more appropriate research design. Secondly, the subjectivity associated with the studies on cultural values makes it difficult, if not impossible to design a single metric for evaluation. The obvious consequence is that policy makers have a difficult time arriving at an appropriate decision that is suitable and which can be generalized across different sites. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/591613","ISSN":"00071315","abstract":"The Second Edition of this bestselling text offers students and first-time researchers invaluable guidance on the practice of qualitative social research. Throughout the author addresses the key issues which need to be identified and resolved in the qualitative research process, and through which researchers develop essential skills in qualitative research. The book highlights the `difficult questions' that researchers should get into the habit of asking themselves in the course of doing qualitative research, and outlines the implications of the different ways of responding to these questions. The new edition of Qualitative Researching has been fully revised and updated with expanded coverage of observation, documents, visual data, CAQDAS, and writing qualitative research. The text bridges the gap between `cookbook' approaches to qualitative research and abstract methodogical approaches. Helping the reader to move comfortably between principle and practice, this text has proved to be an invaluable introduction to qualitative research, and a useful aid to accomplished qualitative research practice across the social sciences.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mason","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"Second Edi","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"number-of-pages":"223","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publisher-place":"London","title":"Qualitative Researching","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=08f2dff8-7e76-49a9-a970-a6454160f54f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[46]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[46]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[46]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[46] report that qualitative research is useful in producing holistic understandings of rich, contextual and generally unstructured non-numeric data. This is usually achieved by engagement in conversations with research participants in their natural settings ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781412965569","ISSN":"07322992","abstract":"This book advances a framework, a process, and compositional approaches for designing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research in the human and social sciences. Increased interest in and use of qualitative research, the emergence of mixed methods approaches, and continuing use of the traditional forms of quantitative designs have created a need for this book's unique comparison of the three approaches to inquiry. This comparison begins with preliminary consideration of philosophical assumptions for all three approaches, a review of the literature, an assessment of the use of theory in research designs, and reflections about the importance of writing and ethics in scholarly inquiry. The book then addresses the key elements of the process of research: writing an introduction, stating a purpose for the study, identifying research questions and hypotheses, and advancing methods and procedures for data collection and analysis. At each step in this process, the reader is taken through qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. The cover illustration depicts a mandala, a Hindu or Buddhist symbol of the universe. Creation of a mandala, much like creation of a research design, requires looking from the vantage point of a framework, an overall design, as well as focused attention on the detail-a mandala made of sand can take days to create because of the precise positioning of the pieces, which sometimes are individual grains of sand. The mandala also shows the interrelatedness of the parts of the whole, again reflecting research design, in which each element contributes to and influences the shape of a complete study.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Creswell","given":"J W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"Third Edit","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"number-of-pages":"94-102","publisher":"SAGE Publications","title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","type":"book","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3a813710-618e-4e9b-a39b-f05496863952"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[47]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[47]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[47]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[47] where they are able to produce answers to how and why questions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.28945/2339","ISSN":"15568873","abstract":"The use of the case study method has gained mainstream acceptance in both entrepreneurship and information systems research to develop conceptual and theoretical models that are novel, yet grounded in the literature. In spite of many texts on the case study method and the growing acceptance and use of thereof, there are relatively few examples that discuss how to apply the case study method. The purpose of this paper is to provide such an example by drawing upon the author's research for her doctoral dissertation in the discipline of information systems and entrepreneurship research. First, the use of qualitative case studies as research method is motivated, then the importance of the research paradigm is discussed and the interpretivist research paradigm justified followed by a detailed discussion of the research design. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and recommendations based on the author's experience with using the case study method. The practical yet theoretically founded approach of this paper may be useful to doctoral students who are considering or using the case study method. Equally, supervisors and others involved in research training may find this paper useful as an illustrative example of the case study method for their students.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ponelis","given":"Shana R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Doctoral Studies","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"535-550","title":"Using interpretive qualitative case studies for exploratory research in doctoral studies: A case of information systems research in small and medium enterprises","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=caaeaf2d-cd7c-4bf0-b421-a1d83d3cab3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[187]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[187]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[187]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[187] which are well suited for exploratory and descriptive studies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.28945/2339","ISSN":"15568873","abstract":"The use of the case study method has gained mainstream acceptance in both entrepreneurship and information systems research to develop conceptual and theoretical models that are novel, yet grounded in the literature. In spite of many texts on the case study method and the growing acceptance and use of thereof, there are relatively few examples that discuss how to apply the case study method. The purpose of this paper is to provide such an example by drawing upon the author's research for her doctoral dissertation in the discipline of information systems and entrepreneurship research. First, the use of qualitative case studies as research method is motivated, then the importance of the research paradigm is discussed and the interpretivist research paradigm justified followed by a detailed discussion of the research design. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and recommendations based on the author's experience with using the case study method. The practical yet theoretically founded approach of this paper may be useful to doctoral students who are considering or using the case study method. Equally, supervisors and others involved in research training may find this paper useful as an illustrative example of the case study method for their students.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ponelis","given":"Shana R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Doctoral Studies","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"535-550","title":"Using interpretive qualitative case studies for exploratory research in doctoral studies: A case of information systems research in small and medium enterprises","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=caaeaf2d-cd7c-4bf0-b421-a1d83d3cab3a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[187]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[187]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[187]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[187] . 3.2 Research Design The WeValue InSitu workshops were conducted in three sites. The samples were chosen based on convenience and their willingness to participate in the study. In this study, three major group types were chosen village councilors, village committee members and teachers. The only standard requirement was that they were to be a community of practice, i.e. those who had worked or were working together. None of the group samples of members were required to be experts in any field. Furthermore, due to the nature of the study and time required to effectively and sufficiently carry out meaningful discussions and obtain contributions, the number of participants per group was restricted to 3 8 persons per group. The workshops typically lasted an average of 2-3 hours per session. Since the research design was exploratory, the groups were not intended to be representative but indicative and to allow for an investigation and survey of the situatedness of the shared environmental values amongst envelopes of other shared human values. To further probe variations across groups on the basis of identity, locality and function, the study was extended beyond 9 groups of village councilors in Ufuma to include 2 other groups of village councilors in Nanka, 3 groups of village committees with differing roles in Ufuma: Youth (unmarried adults), Women and Health, 3 groups of secondary school teachers in Ufuma and another 6 groups of secondary school form teachers in Nsukka. The inclusion of varieties of groups in the study was to enable to check for trends and patterns between and amongst them. It is noteworthy that the participants were not experts in Ecosystem Service valuations or studies. They were just people who possessed common-place knowledge of the environment and ecosystems. The outputs of the workshops which are shared values statements were all thematically coded using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classifies ecosystem services into 3 broad categories of provisioning, regulating and cultural. The cultural category is further subdivided into 10 different groups.  Figure 8: Research Design Flow Chart 3.2.1 Study site and Group Choice The exploratory nature of this study permitted flexibility in the choice of sites. Both rural and more-urban sites were included in this study. The sites chosen had different ecosystem service contexts which might be reflected in the elicited shared values. The choice of groups eventually used in the study was based purely on availability and willingness to commit their time to participate in the workshops. The study was carried out in three towns - Ufuma and Nanka, both of which are located in Orumba-North Local Government Area of Anambra State and Nsukka town located in Enugu State. The three towns are located in the southeastern part of Nigeria. While Ufuma town has 3 main communities with 9 villages, Nanka comprises 7 villages. The 2 communities possess a tropical climate with temperatures ranging between 25C and 37C and an annual rainfall ranging between 1500mm 2700mm ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s12594-018-0985-8","ISSN":"09746889","abstract":"The mechanisms, failure processes and the hydrogeological factors leading to the enlargement of Nanka gully, one of the biggest landslide sites in Nigeria, were investigated. The gully is situated on unconsolidated, friable, collapsible sandstones capped in some places by lateritic overburden. Cross-section analysis shows that a NE-SW profile closely corresponds to the length of the gully which is over 2km while the NW-SE profile represents the width which is approximately 500m. The depth from the section is between 60100m. Field investigation found gullies were abundant only in the eastern part of the study area. Digital elevation model (DEM) indicates that the abundance is related to the numerous surface runoff drainages in that part. The large Nanka gully (7 5'E, 6 2'20\"N) forms the major tributary of the Mamu river. Expectedly, intense rainfall generates strong surface runoffs and remove large quantities of soil and bedrock. Shear strength tests show that overburden pressure can further weaken the materials and increase their vulnerability to the erosive impacts of runoffs and groundwater during the wet season. The gullys progressive expansion to its present size is generally by headward extension of stream channels, head-cutting and landslides.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Igwe","given":"Ogbonnaya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the Geological Society of India","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"227-234","title":"The Mechanisms of Enlargement and Hydrogeological Characteristics of Nanka Gully, Southeast Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"92"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3e5f65fa-b846-4cac-a9e1-d5995628281a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[188]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[188]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[188]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[188]. The area is characterized by 2 seasons rainy season which lasts from April to October and dry season lasting from November to March ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Obi, N.I and Okekeogbu","given":"C.J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ternational Journal of Environment and Pollution Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"24-37","title":"EROSION PROBLEMS AND THEIR IMPACTS IN ANAMBRA STATE OF NIGERIA: (A CASE OF NANKA COMMUNITY) Arc. Nich. I. Obi and Arc. C.J. Okekeogbu. Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria. Enugu Campus .","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=480ec6eb-d6f6-43d6-b6a0-5db6a2eed219"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[189]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[189]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[189]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[189]. These communities are predominantly rural/semi-urban and are classified as agrarian as majority of the residents are subsistence farmers and traders who sell their farm produce in the weekly market called Afor/Af. The presence of fertile and arable lands in Ufuma has earned the community a pride of place as a renowned farming community with the king of the community referred to as Diji an agricultural term meaning a great farmer of yams. This has also attracted some World Bank interventions like the establishment of large portions of rice farms and fish farms. Ufuma is well-known for the cultivation of yams, cassava, maize and oil palm. Nanka is renowned by the presence of a natural spring called Isi atama. This spring may well be considered the livewire of the community as a lot of activities revolve around it. Recently, the community granted permission to a company to start the production of bottled and sachet water for sale. The company employs a lot of the villagers to work and also carries out some corporate social responsibilities like road maintenance. Nanka is bedeviled by serious cases of gully erosion. History reports that the gully erosion has its origin in the slave trade where the foot paths of the slaves and traffickers were heavily flooded and led to the formation of gullies. In 2010, members of the community donated about 10,000 cashew seedlings to plant in the erosion site to aid the control of the gully which had led to frequent landslides. The gully sites are a serious concern to state, and national government and have been designated a disaster zone by the Nigerian Environmental Agency ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s12594-018-0985-8","ISSN":"09746889","abstract":"The mechanisms, failure processes and the hydrogeological factors leading to the enlargement of Nanka gully, one of the biggest landslide sites in Nigeria, were investigated. The gully is situated on unconsolidated, friable, collapsible sandstones capped in some places by lateritic overburden. Cross-section analysis shows that a NE-SW profile closely corresponds to the length of the gully which is over 2km while the NW-SE profile represents the width which is approximately 500m. The depth from the section is between 60100m. Field investigation found gullies were abundant only in the eastern part of the study area. Digital elevation model (DEM) indicates that the abundance is related to the numerous surface runoff drainages in that part. The large Nanka gully (7 5'E, 6 2'20\"N) forms the major tributary of the Mamu river. Expectedly, intense rainfall generates strong surface runoffs and remove large quantities of soil and bedrock. Shear strength tests show that overburden pressure can further weaken the materials and increase their vulnerability to the erosive impacts of runoffs and groundwater during the wet season. The gullys progressive expansion to its present size is generally by headward extension of stream channels, head-cutting and landslides.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Igwe","given":"Ogbonnaya","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of the Geological Society of India","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"227-234","title":"The Mechanisms of Enlargement and Hydrogeological Characteristics of Nanka Gully, Southeast Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"92"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3e5f65fa-b846-4cac-a9e1-d5995628281a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[188]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[188]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[188]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[188]. Nsukka town is the headquarters of Nsukka Local Government Area. It is the boundary town that connects the south east to the north central part of Nigeria. It plays host to the University of Nigeria and has a tropical climate. It has an average temperature of between 22.3C and 32.1C and a mean yearly rainfall of 1695.4mm. Nsukka has a population of around 1.5 million. It is also a semi-urban town with the inhabitants being predominantly farmers, traders, civil servants and students. Nsukka is also an agricultural community and many inhabitants are engaged in subsistence agriculture planting crops like cassava, maize, oil palm, cowpea, cocoyam etc. Being host to the first indigenous university in Nigeria, it provides a hub for the convergence of people from different cultures. Flooding and erosion are the major environmental problems encountered in this town. 3.2.2 Preparation of Localized Wevalue Materials The WeValue InSitu process is carried out in different stages or phases. Usually, before the commencement of the main phases of the WeValue InSitu process, there is need to prepare locally relevant materials that will be suitable for the intended audience. The standard procedure involves the localization of these materials; hence WeValue can be carried out anywhere because the materials can be readily adapted for local contexts. This localization phase involves the following: Conduct of key informant interviews Translation and/or transcription of the interview data Development of Local Trigger Lists Retranslation of the trigger lists into the local language (when English is not the language of use) 3.2.2.1 Key Informant Interviews Key Informant interviews are non-deliberated informal interviews conducted by a researcher to get the understanding of the targeted community or audience. These interviews act as the researchers first line of contact with the locality. During this process, the identified people are asked about what is important, valuable and meaningful with respect to where they live. Prior to the interview, the informed consent of interviewees was obtained. They were informed that the data would be used for research purposes and that every personal detail would be anonymized. This preliminary interview to ascertain the predominant themes of importance in the locality was carried out with 5 persons from the communities. In this study, the people chosen were asked several questions on the beliefs and ways of life of the community. The people chosen were individuals who had in-depth knowledge about the community and could give unbiased ideas about different aspects of community life. Questions asked were generic questions which provoked profound thoughts about the place where they live. The interview was recorded with an audio recorder using the Sony ICD-PX470 Digital Voice Recorder. Another mobile device was also used as a backup for recording the interviews. Given below are the questions that were used in this study: A. What do you hold so dear about life in Ufuma that you wish is never forgotten? B. What is Ufuma known for? C. What reasons would you give someone to relocate to Ufuma? D. If there is a need for you to go outside the community for sometime (holidays etc), what would you miss most about Ufuma? E. What are the expectations of elders from the Youths? F. What are your expectations from your children? G. Are there any developmental projects that have been done in Ufuma, past or present? H. Are there developmental activities in Ufuma linked to Agriculture? I. If there is a situation to choose between developmental projects in Education or Health or Agriculture, which would you choose? J. Is there anything about Ufuma that you can never trade for anything? At the completion of the key informant interviews, the data obtained was collated for the next stage which involved translation and transcription of interview data. 3.2.2.2 Translation and/or Transcription of the Interview Data The interviews were conducted in the Igbo language because that is the native language of the residents of these 3 communities. Since the researcher is also of Igbo origin, the data gotten from the interviews were then translated and transcribed from Igbo to English by the researcher. The transcription was carried out using word processing software MS Word 2007 and stored in a safe and secure drive. 3.2.2.3 Development of Local Trigger Lists Using the data generated from the key informant interviews, a trigger list was developed. The trigger list is a Menu of values-statements that represent what is most worthwhile, valuable and meaningful to a group of participants. Trigger lists are usually generated from the local environment where the workshop is to take place. Although there exists a global trigger list which has been developed from series of past workshops and interviews and which can readily be adapted for different contexts, this study ensured that the localized list generated from the Key informant interviews were utilized. The procedures involved in the development of the trigger lists are listed below (not in the exact order): Interviews Transcriptions Translations Statement Extractions List Creation Mapping to WV125 Natural clustering Removing Duplicates Localising Trigger List Adapting Resources Translation After the transcriptions and translation of the interviews, extraction of statements was carried out on the transcripts. This was done by reading through the transcripts and drawing out clips of sentences that are values-related. The clips that were chosen are sentences that express the values of the people in any way. The extracts were then recorded in a list. This process of statement extraction was also carried out by a second person to ensure validity. Afterwards, duplicates of similar statements were removed to produce a finalized list. The list was then clustered based on recurring themes. Afterwards, the clustered statements were mapped to the global list of 125 Statements. The purpose of this was to discover the themes that were missing in the local list and decide if it was necessary to add statements that would bridge the gap. The list of statements was also analyzed to be sure that they were disruptive enough to trigger discussions. At the conclusion of this process, a definitive list of localized trigger statements was produced which would be deployed for the WeValue workshops in the various communities. 3.3 Data Collection Methods The data collection methods include all the methods that were utilized in eliciting and collecting the data useful for answering our research question of how to generate situated environmental and ESS-related values within the general values framework. In this study, 2 main methods were used in generating and collecting data the WeValue InSitu Crystallization Process (WVICP) and the Focus Group Perspectives Explorations (FG PEXs). The methods are described in more details below.  Figure 9: General Overview of the Data Collection and Analysis Methods 3.3.1 The Wevalue Insitu Crystallization Process (WVICP) In this section, we describe the various activities that were carried out within the WeValue process. The WeValue InSitu process is an approach to eliciting values in a group context and connecting those values to concrete and specific actions, feelings or perceptions. It was developed and used as part of a European Union Seventh Framework Programme, called ESDinds, led by University of Brighton ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/097340821000400219","ISSN":"0973-4082","abstract":"This descriptive report outlines an innovative project in which Earth Charter International is actively involved. The project aims to develop approaches, indicators and tools for Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to be able to measure values-based aspects and impacts of their work at the project level. Many CSOs have an intuitive feeling that their projects are more successful when there is a resonance of values with those involved; this project aims to make such aspects tangible, measurable and transferable to other CSOs. The two year, EU-funded project called ESDinds is characterised by a collaborative partnership between a geographically and culturally diverse consortium consisting of four CSOs (including the Earth Charter International Secretariat) and two universities. The research design takes an iterative, grounded research approach to indicator development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Alicia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Education for Sustainable Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"297-305","title":"The Earth Charter and the ESDinds Initiative","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0bcd7429-1b80-4738-a6a3-4d91f747e597"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[20]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[20]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[20]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[20]. The WeValue approaches are deeply participatory and were co-developed through ongoing work with community groups, businesses, schools and Civil Society organizations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/097340821000400219","ISSN":"0973-4082","abstract":"This descriptive report outlines an innovative project in which Earth Charter International is actively involved. The project aims to develop approaches, indicators and tools for Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to be able to measure values-based aspects and impacts of their work at the project level. Many CSOs have an intuitive feeling that their projects are more successful when there is a resonance of values with those involved; this project aims to make such aspects tangible, measurable and transferable to other CSOs. The two year, EU-funded project called ESDinds is characterised by a collaborative partnership between a geographically and culturally diverse consortium consisting of four CSOs (including the Earth Charter International Secretariat) and two universities. The research design takes an iterative, grounded research approach to indicator development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zahradnik","given":"Martin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Alicia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Education for Sustainable Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"297-305","title":"The Earth Charter and the ESDinds Initiative","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0bcd7429-1b80-4738-a6a3-4d91f747e597"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[20]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[20]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[20]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[20]. It has been used in different studies to elicit shared values in different contexts such as in sustainable land remediation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26], climate change ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2021.1924109","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen","given":"Sylvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da97ec74-cf19-4ccc-bcf8-b98a427177b9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[24]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[24]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[24]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[24], education for sustainable development ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125343","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is considered a cornerstone for advances in sustainability, because transformative shifts in perspective will be necessary for humankind to transition towards it. The theory of transformative learning (TL) has been considered in hundreds of applied studies in diverse fields, yet it remains descriptive and unable to prescribe which conditions and processes could reliably produce TL outcomes. Here an in-depth case study is used to investigate a candidate process from another field and unknown to TL researchers (called WeValue InSitu) which has been reported to regularly produce some forms of informally denoted transformative outcomes. The goal is to determine if these formally qualify, because this would imply the standard WeValue InSitu process could be a reliable way to produce, and investigate, TL and TL outcomes (TLOs). Using grounded thematic open-coding of full transcripts of three sets of post-event interviews, compared against statements made prior to the event, it is shown unambiguously that four outcomes have formal TL nature, as shifts in meaning schemes, one of which developed into a wider shift of meaning perspective over three weeks. These findings indicate that the WeValue InSitu process can likely produce TLOs regularly and identifiably, offering a pedagogical laboratory which can be used for systematic studies to link its sub-processes in detail to the TL outcomes it produces, allowing step-wise progress in theory-building. It also indicates that WeValue InSitu can be prescriptively applied, within its limitations such as maximum group sizes and specialist facilitators, to trigger TL in local groups of villagers, governance officers, environmental enthusiasts, community-based organizations and/or government committees, to become more focused and self-aware and more mobilized towards sustainability actions. This study thus opens the door to new research agenda in theory-building and applications of TL towards sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dike","given":"Felix O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Firoozmand","given":"Firooz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"125343","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Are those really transformative learning outcomes? Validating the relevance of a reliable process","type":"article-journal","volume":"285"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=821e8db3-125d-4917-8ab0-bf6f075cedb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[44]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[44]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[44]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[44] etc. In this study, WeValue workshops were carried out with 23 groups comprising village councilors, teachers and village committees for youth, women and health. Most of the workshops were carried out using the local Igbo language which is the major language spoken in the southeastern part of Nigeria. A few of the workshops were done in English, especially with the Teachers groups. The workshops were recorded with a Sony ICD-PX470 Digital Voice Recorder and another mobile device as a backup. Prior to the commencement of each workshop session, informed consent was obtained from the participants both orally and by filling out the informed consent forms. This was in line with the ethical approval guiding the conduct of this research which was gotten from the University of Brighton. In the sub-sections below, we explain the 4 stages of a WeValue workshop which were carried out in our study ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11213-019-09496-7","ISSN":"15739295","abstract":"Reflective practices (RPs) are recognized as fundamental for the conception, development, implementation and improvement of community-based development in international development. Despite acknowledgement that RPs are needed, the ways in which reflection can take place within Community Development (CD) contexts remains under-examined. In this study, the authors conduct a grounded thematic analysis of a values-based elicitation and articulation approach with three community organizations in order to: (i) identify specific elements in the processes of reflection; (ii) explore how identified themes relate to existing concepts within RPs literature, and any useful insights to CD contexts; (iii) explore the ways in which values-based elicitation approaches facilitate RPs. UK organisations are used for convenience, but the study is for transferable learning to international development. In their analysis, the authors identify four main themes: Reasoning (justification, articulation, recall), Active listening (nuanced expansion, replication), Collective articulation (semantic cooperation, semantic negotiations, semantic disagreements), and Tension (confusion, resistance). These highlight the multi-dimensional, non-linear nature of RPs, the importance of productive tensions, and the need for the facilitators enabling processes of RPs to develop skills such as active listening, working with tensions and deep semantic negotiations. Findings indicate this approach can open up new lines of investigation of mechanisms underlying RPs which could assist in planning reliably for them. Challenges and opportunities for further research are outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moreno","given":"Juan M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sanyal","given":"Kaliat Ammu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Firoozmand","given":"Firooz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rutter","given":"Pauline","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Systemic Practice and Action Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"501-525","publisher":"Systemic Practice and Action Research","title":"Reflective Practices in Community Development: a Grounded Analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6fb231e1-42b7-4903-a2d5-d1785906a633"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[190]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[190]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[190]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[190].  Figure 10: Steps in the WeValue InSitu Process. 3.3.1.1 Contextualization Stage Each workshop session started with a period of introduction of the facilitator and the participants. The aims and responsibilities of the groups were also mentioned and other baseline questions were answered. Questions about the kind of relationships that exist between the group members, the challenges faced in the execution of their responsibilities and even how they plan to improve on their work are asked. The purpose of these baseline questions was to establish a basis for monitoring changes in perceptions and understanding during and after the workshops. It is also necessary for evaluating transformative outcomes and tracking organizational change. The questions asked in this phase included such things as What do you do? How many people do work in your group? What kind of relationship do you have in your ward? Do you work separately or together? What challenges do you have in your ward? What would you want to improve? Is there something you are doing about erosion control or spring management or land management? This stage sets the scene and atmosphere for the rest of the workshop and enabled the participants to relax and deeply engage with each other in the group context. 3.3.1.2 Photo Elicitation Stage Following the contextualization stage, the participants then proceeded to the next stage of photo elicitation. The participants were invited to think about anything that was important, meaningful, worthwhile and valuable to them whether things, places, ideas or practices. The photo elicitation stage makes use of pictures and images from everyday life for eliciting the tacit and dormant knowledge in the participants. Photo cards measuring 21cm by 15cm were displayed on tables and benches at the workshop venue and the participants were welcome to choose any picture that best reflected what was valuable, meaningful and worthwhile to them. The participants spent a couple of minutes to choose the pictures that were most suitable for them. They were also told at this stage that there were no predefined meanings attached to the pictures. After choosing their preferred pictures, the participants were then invited to talk on the pictures they had chosen one by one. They were asked to explain what the picture meant to them, why they chose it and what messages they felt the picture was helping them to pass across. During this exercise, the participants practiced deep listening as their colleague shared their perceptions and understanding of the chosen photo. 3.3.1.3 Triggering and Negotiating Meaning Stage The triggering stage was conducted using the list of trigger statements generated from the key informant interviews. This is the standard practice for all WeValue InSitu work in new locations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.034","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Ethical values such as trust, compassion and equality are core to the way many pro-environmental organizations function, whether or not they claim these are key to their success. Mainstream sustainability indicators do not, however, explicitly acknowledge this values dimension. In this paper we describe a replicable approach that has successfully been used to develop values-based indicators and assessment tools within an emancipatory research paradigm, in an EU-funded project characterized by close partnership between civil society organizations (CSOs) and university-based research groups. We outline the methodology used to develop values-based indicators, and then demonstrate how the resulting indicators were used systematically to evaluate a national program of youth leadership within a large Mexican civil society organization promoting reforestation. We reflect on this illustrative example in relation to wider conversations about values and sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"225-238","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Revealing values in a complex environmental program: a scaling up of values-based indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"134"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c371595c-5418-4e06-93ac-98d91dac9562"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26,191]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26,191]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26,191]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26,191]. In this study, a list of 76 trigger statements was used. Participants were allowed to read the trigger lists and mark statements that most resonated with them. In cases where the workshops were carried out with an illiterate group, the researchers produced a Bingo sheet that contained the numbers 1 76. Then the trigger statements were read out to the participants and they marked the numbers that most resonated with them. After reading and marking the trigger list (or bingo sheet), the participants started discussing and negotiating the ideas generated from the list. During the triggering, the facilitator was responsible for keeping the discussions focused and not distracted. The facilitator also helped in ensuring disentangling of ideas and the balance of power in discussion. After each round of discussion, the participants wrote down an agreed-upon statement that represented the general consensus of the group. These statements are considered as the shared values of the group because they were produced through deliberative and participatory mechanisms. These statements were bespoke articulations of the values of the people and are products of rigorous dialogues and conversations involving examples, counter examples and experiences. This process was repeated until the participants could produce no further statements. 3.3.1.4 Framework Construction and Narrative This is the fourth and final stage of the WeValue InSitu process. At this point, the participants have thoroughly deliberated upon all the statements that were triggered. They were then invited to carefully arrange the list of Values statements produced in a coherent manner that portrayed how they want the statements to flow. Some of the groups arranged their statements linearly from bottom to top or vice versa as the case may be. This was also a period for further deliberations and they were told that they were free to adjust, add, remove or rewrite some of their value statements. This was to be sure that the final outcome was indeed a product accepted by all. The arrangements were commonly ordered on the basis of the vision of the group, their characteristics and how they work. When they were satisfied about the arrangement of the statements, they were invited to give a summary of the framework from the beginning to the end just as if they were explaining to a third party that wanted to know about them. The framework construction and the accompanying narratives are the final products of the WeValue InSitu process. Immediately after the process, a focus group was carried out to test for authenticity of the statements. The details of the focus group are presented in the next section. 3.3.2 Focus Groups In this study, 2 focus group discussions were held with the participants immediately after the workshop. The first focus group was designed to capture the extent to which the participants took ownership of the general statements and frameworks produced from the WeValue InSitu process while the second focus group was to specifically confirm the authenticity of the environmental and ESS-related statements produced during the WeValue session. 3.3.2.1 Focus Group 1 Test for Authenticity The first focus group interview that was held was designed to test the authenticity of the values statements which made up the envelopes. The WeValue process is inherently designed to test for the authenticity of the statements produced from the deliberations. This is established by other studies which utilized the tool ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2021.1924109","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"The meaningful engagement of community-based actors in climate change adaptation planning is crucial for effective plans, but achieving it is an ongoing challenge, even with participatory methods. In this paper we explore very different approach, using shared-values crystallization as a pre-process to standard vulnerability risk assessments (VRAs), which recently reported significant impacts on plans produced. We posit this could be due to learning via changed local perceptions of roles, and we use multiple-case study work with five Village Development Committees (VDCs) in North East District, Botswana, and examine VRA outputs, and pre- and post-VRA interview transcripts, for evidence. Findings indicate that VDC members who took part in the shared-values pre-process significantly clarified and prioritized their general roles, and subsequently engaged more deeply in the planning process, taking more responsibility and ownership for the final adaptation plans. They related climate risks to their local lived-realities better, producing quality action plans, funding innovations and mainstreaming of adaptation into wider local plans, alongside an eagerness to present ideas to higher-governance levels. These findings suggest the shared-values pre-process could be immediately valuable for multilevel adaptation planning practices, and that the concept of role clarification deserves more specific consideration in academic studies on participation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen","given":"Sylvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"0","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Role clarification for local institutions: a missing link in multi-level adaptation planning? Insights from a multiple case study in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"0"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da97ec74-cf19-4ccc-bcf8-b98a427177b9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[24,26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[24,26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[24,26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[24,26]. The validity of the process was usually tested at the end of the session when the facilitator asks the participants questions to confirm if the words used in the statements were theirs or that of the facilitator. In addition, they were also asked if there was anything missing from the frameworks and if the frameworks adequately represented them. This was done to ascertain whether the statements written down represented the authentic, genuine, unbiased views of the participants. 3.3.2.2 Focus Group 2 Perspectives Explorations (PEXs) concerning the Environment The second focus group interview was conducted just immediately after the conclusion of the WeValue InSitu process. This focus group session was conducted to explore the perspectives of the group concerning their environment. This was an exploratory add-on to investigate the output of the groups after a session of participatory deliberations and possibly check for variations or similarities with environmental themes discussed during the WeValue process. However, the questions were more directly focused on environmental attributes of the communities including the natural resources present in the area. 3.4 Data Analysis Methods 3.4.1 Transcription and Translation of the Qualitative Dataset The deliberative processes for this study were conducted in 2 languages the Igbo language and English language. In some cases, there were mixes of the two especially when the participants wanted to better express themselves or refer to some items that the names were not readily known in the English language. The workshops were recorded using a Sony ICD-PX470 Digital Voice Recorder and a mobile device as a backup after informed consent was gotten from the participants. The recordings were then transferred to the computer system for storage and further analysis. The workshop summaries were first translated by the researcher from the Igbo language to the English language. Afterwards, it was transcribed and produced as Microsoft office word documents. 3.4.2 Thematic Coding of the Qualitative Dataset Thematic coding or analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative data and has been used in different fields like sports, psychology, health etc. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1191/1478088706qp063oa","ISSN":"14780887","abstract":"Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology. 2006 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Braun","given":"Virginia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Clarke","given":"Victoria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"77-101","title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2c6594e6-6726-4fb6-8209-b0a98517cf05"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s12874-019-0707-y","ISSN":"14712288","PMID":"30922220","abstract":"Background: Navigating the world of qualitative thematic analysis can be challenging. This is compounded by the fact that detailed descriptions of methods are often omitted from qualitative discussions. While qualitative research methodologies are now mature, there often remains a lack of fine detail in their description both at submitted peer reviewed article level and in textbooks. As one of research's aims is to determine the relationship between knowledge and practice through the demonstration of rigour, more detailed descriptions of methods could prove useful. Rigour in quantitative research is often determined through detailed explanation allowing replication, but the ability to replicate is often not considered appropriate in qualitative research. However, a well described qualitative methodology could demonstrate and ensure the same effect. Methods: This article details the codebook development which contributed to thematic analysis of qualitative data. This analysis formed part of a mixed methods multiphase design research project, with both qualitative and quantitative inquiry and involving the convergence of data and analyses. This design consisted of three distinct phases: quantitative, qualitative and implementation phases. Results and conclusions: This article is aimed at researchers and doctoral students new to thematic analysis by describing a framework to assist their processes. The detailed description of the methods used supports attempts to utilise the thematic analysis process and to determine rigour to support the establishment of credibility. This process will assist practitioners to be confident that the knowledge and claims contained within research are transferable to their practice. The approach described within this article builds on, and enhances, current accepted models.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roberts","given":"Kate","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dowell","given":"Anthony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nie","given":"Jing Bao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-8","publisher":"BMC Medical Research Methodology","title":"Attempting rigour and replicability in thematic analysis of qualitative research data; A case study of codebook development","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d26fbc59-ada7-4162-b0af-a5161536d33b"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/160940690600500107","ISSN":"1609-4069","abstract":"In this article, the authors describe how they used a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis to interpret raw data in a doctoral study on the role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of nursing practice. The methodological approach integrated data-driven codes with theory-driven ones based on the tenets of social phenomenology. The authors present a detailed exemplar of the staged process of data coding and identification of themes. This process demonstrates how analysis of the raw data from interview transcripts and organizational documents progressed toward the identification of overarching themes that captured the phenomenon of performance feedback as described by participants in the study.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fereday","given":"Jennifer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muir-Cochrane","given":"Eimear","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"80-92","title":"Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5543a4ae-be72-47f1-b0f7-fcaeb0249d86"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[192194]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[192194]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[192194]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[192194]. It is a flexible method that allows for application across a range of theoretical and epistemological approaches. Thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns (themes) within data. It involves familiarizing yourself with your data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes and producing the report ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1191/1478088706qp063oa","ISSN":"14780887","abstract":"Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology. 2006 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Braun","given":"Virginia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Clarke","given":"Victoria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"77-101","title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2c6594e6-6726-4fb6-8209-b0a98517cf05"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[192]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[192]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[192]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[192] In this study, the values frameworks (statements) were specifically used for the coding analysis. The values frameworks from the workshops were coded inductively for mentions and references to the environment or any aspect of Mother Nature. These coded statements were then extracted as indicators of environmental values and ecosystem services. The extracted statements were then put forward for classification using the analytical framework. 3.4.3 Classification using the Analytical Framework (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework) The elicited ESS-related values which were extracted from the process of thematic analysis were afterwards classified using the framework of classification produced by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The framework classifies ecosystem services into three broad categories of provisioning, regulating and cultural services with the cultural services having 10 subcategories. In order to achieve a reliable classification, the ESS-related values statements together with the accompanying narratives were matched with the descriptions provided in the MEA framework. The narratives were included to ensure that the statements retained the meanings intended by the participants and not the interpretations offered by the researcher. The classifications were verified by 2 independent researchers. Table 3 gives the definition of the different categories of ecosystem services and the criteria for classification. Table 4: Description of the basic categories of Ecosystem Services (According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]) ECOSYSTEM SERVICE TYPEDESCRIPTIONPROVISION-ING (PRV)These are the products obtained from ecosystems, including food, fiber, fuel, genetic resources, biochemicals, natural medicines, and pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources and fresh water. REGULATING (RGL)These are the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including: air quality regulation, climate regulation, water regulation, erosion regulation, water purification and waste treatment, disease regulation, pest regulation, pollination and natural hazard regulation.CULTURAL (CLT) These are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences, 3.4.3.1 Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) As stated before, these are the intangible, immaterial benefits we derive from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Service Assessment proposes 10 kinds of these cultural services. They are explained here for greater clarity and to aid in correctly classifying the cultural ecosystem services identified in this study. It should be stated that although the definitions of these different classes of CES are distinct, they nonetheless overlap in real world classifications. Therefore, situations where an ecosystem service matched the descriptions of 2 or more cultural categories, they were indicated as belonging to the different categories and classified as hybrid values. This did not result in double-counting of ESS in the values frameworks of the groups but only took into consideration the occurrence, diversity and spread of the ESS categories in the frameworks. The definitions and descriptions of the different classes of CES are presented below as illustrated by MEA and other supporting studies. 3.4.3.1.1 Spiritual and Religious (SPR) Many religions attach spiritual and religious values to ecosystems or their components ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","manualFormatting":"([1])","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]). When ecosystems fulfill peoples need for sacred, religious and spiritual fulfillment and satisfaction, they are said to have spiritual value. This is manifested in the designation of certain sites as places of spiritual value or the assigning of certain celebrations as having spiritual significance. For example, there are cases of holy forests, sacred rivers or streams, dedicated plants, animals and even landscape features like mountains. This attribution of spiritual worth is captured and portrayed by ecosystems. 3.4.3.1.2 Recreation and Ecotourism (RCR) People often choose where to spend their leisure time based in part on the characteristics of the natural or cultivated landscapes in a particular area ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Rest, relaxation, refreshment and recreation are important needs of humans often derived from association with certain ecosystems. There exists a vast array of nature-based recreation such as walking, bird-watching, fishing, swimming etc. As people spend their leisure time in the appreciation and enjoyment of nature, they are partaking in recreational ecosystem services. This particular service has serious potentials for growth as affluence and demand continues to increase in the future. 3.4.3.1.3 Aesthetic (AES) Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in various aspects of ecosystems, as reflected in the support for parks, scenic drives, and the selection of housing locations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. This is simply the appreciation for the beauty of natural environments. The pleasure derived from this is evidenced by the creation and demarcation of scenic spots and routes. Certain human behaviour such as using decorative plants in homes are also indications of this value. 3.4.3.1.4 Inspirational (INSP) Ecosystems provide a rich source of inspiration for art, folklore, national symbols, architecture, and advertising ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Natural and cultivated systems influence and stimulate a vast array of cultural expressions in the form of arts, music, literature, architecture, fashion etc. The derivation of ideas from ecosystems is considered an inspirational service. 3.4.3.1.5 Sense of Place (SOP) Many people value the sense of place that is associated with recognized features of their environment, including aspects of the ecosystem ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. This refers to the perception and interpretation of the environment in an emotional spiritual and cognitive way. It is developed as a result of socio-cultural processes that take place while people interact with the physical environment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-environ-012312-110838","ISBN":"0123121108","ISSN":"15435938","abstract":"Ecosystems provide many of the material building blocks for human well-being. Although quantification and appreciation of such contributions have rapidly grown, our dependence upon cultural connections to nature deserves more attention. We synthesize multidisciplinary peer-reviewed research on contributions of nature or ecosystems to human well-being mediated through nontangible connections (such as culture). We characterize these connections on the basis of the channels through which such connections arise (i.e., knowing, perceiving, interacting with, and living within) and the components of human well-being they affect (e.g., physical, mental and spiritual health, inspiration, identity). We found enormous variation in the methods used, quantity of research, and generalizability of the literature. The effects of nature on mental and physical health have been rigorously demonstrated, whereas other effects (e.g., on learning) are theorized but seldom demonstrated. The balance of evidence indicates conclusively that knowing and experiencing nature makes us generally happier, healthier people. More fully characterizing our intangible connections with nature will help shape decisions that benefit people and the ecosystems on which we depend. 2013 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Russell","given":"Roly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guerry","given":"Anne D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Basurto","given":"Xavier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levine","given":"Jordan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tam","given":"Jordan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"number-of-pages":"473-502","title":"Humans and nature: How knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being","type":"book","volume":"38"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2329af3a-14ad-43e3-99cc-d5d49d254402"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[86]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[86]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[86]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[86]. 3.4.3.1.6 Cultural Heritage (CH) Many societies place high value on the maintenance of either historically important landscapes (cultural landscapes) or culturally significant species ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Heritage is conceptualised as the past received through objects and display, representations and engagements, spectacular locations and events, memories and commemorations, and the preparation of places for cultural purposes and consumption ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1057/9781137293565.0005","ISBN":"9781137293565","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Waterton","given":"Emma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-17","title":"Heritage as a focus of research: Past, present and new directions","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=15375da1-c1a2-48a9-8436-2623b73ea8c8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[195]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[195]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[195]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[195]. When certain ecosystems give us a sense of continuity and understanding of our place in the natural environment, cultural heritage is achieved. 3.4.3.1.7 Cultural diversity & Identity (CDI) The diversity of ecosystems is one factor influencing the diversity of cultures ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. The cultural linkage between people and their ecosystems and through which they derive and define their identity, personality and uniqueness. Usually these are ecosystems in which they live and on which they depend. 3.4.3.1.8 Knowledge systems (KS) (Traditional and formal). Ecosystems influence the types of knowledge systems developed by different cultures ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. According to UNESCO, this knowledge comprises understandings and philosophies developed through long histories of interaction with the natural environment. It is central to how a people utilize their resources, communicate, interact and practice their spirituality. It is not just about what is known but also about how it is known. 3.4.3.1.9 Social relations (SR) Ecosystems influence the types of social relations that are established in particular cultures ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]. Among CES, social relations is regarded as the key to understanding the role of ecosystems in breaking down social barriers and bringing citizens together ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/su10040998","ISSN":"20711050","abstract":"Given the expansion of urban agriculture (UA), we need to understand how this system provides ecosystem services, including foundational societal needs such as social cohesion, i.e., people's willingness to cooperate with one another. Although social cohesion in UA has been documented, there is no framework for its emergence and how it can be modeled within a sustainability framework. In this study, we address this literature gap by showing how the popular cascade ecosystem services model can be modified to include social structures. We then transform the cascade model into a bottom-up causal framework for UA. In this bottom-up framework, basic biophysical (e.g., land availability) and social (e.g., leadership) ecosystem structures and processes lead to human activities (e.g., learning) that can foster specific human attitudes and feelings (e.g., trust). These attitudes and feelings, when aggregated (e.g., social network), generate an ecosystem value of social cohesion. These cause-effect relationships can support the development of causality pathways in social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) and further our understanding of the mechanisms behind social impacts and benefits. The framework also supports UA studies by showing the sustainability of UA as an emergent food supplier in cities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Petit-Boix","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Apul","given":"Defne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"From cascade to bottom-up ecosystem services model: How does social cohesion emerge from urban agriculture?","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fdb157b8-f4a5-45f9-9f05-8dde6d5ad83d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[196]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[196]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[196]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[196]. To clarify the definition of SR, we list five indicators based on previous studies. Ecosystems provide opportunities for people to meet each other Ecosystems provide opportunities for Knowledge and values sharing through a variety of interactions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781908272096","ISSN":"20488963","abstract":"In the knowledge management world there are many different terms flying around. Some are more important and frequently used than others. In this paper, we present and discuss the development and views of three terms: knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing and knowledge barriers. Knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing are sometimes used synonymously or have overlapping content. Several authors have pointed out this confusion while other authors have attempted to clarify the differences and define the terms. Knowledge barriers in themselves seem to have a more obvious content although the borders between knowledge barriers and connecting terms, such as 'barriers to knowledge sharing', seem to blur discussions and views. Our aim is to make a contribution to finding appropriate demarcations between these concepts. After reviewing Knowledge Management literature, we can state that the three terms, knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing and knowledge barriers, are somewhat blurred. For knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing, the blurriness is linked mainly to the fact that the analytical level each term is related to has come and gone and come back again. For knowledge barriers, the blurriness comes from the development of the term. The mere existence of the many different categorizations of knowledge barriers implies that the concept itself is blurry. The concept seems clear cut and focuses on knowledge although it is also broad and later sources have included much more than knowledge. This paper concludes by highlighting the effects on the terms when two different knowledge perspectives, knowledge as an object (or the K-O view) and knowledge as a subjective contextual construction (or the K-SCC view) are applied. The clarifications are supported by examples from companies in different industries (such as Cargotec and IKEA) and the public sector (police, fire brigade, ambulance and other emergency services).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paulin","given":"Dan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Suneson","given":"Kaj","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"81 - 91","title":"Knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing and knowledge barriers-three blurry terms in KM","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=02e8a5f2-0ae8-47bf-8583-8943717246b5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[197]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[197]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[197]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[197]. Ecosystems provide a context for sharing, exchanging, selling or buying products with others ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01321.x","ISSN":"15356841","abstract":"A case study of the renovation of New York City's Bryant Park, this article revisits the end of public space thesis. The renovated park signifies not the end of public space but the new ends to which public space is oriented. In Bryant Park, a new logic of urban publicity was assembled and built into the landscape. The social and technical means by which this transformation was achieved are analyzed. New public spaces of this sort promulgate a conception of the public that is decoupled from discourses of democratization, citizenship, and self-development and connected ever more firmly to consumption, commerce, and social surveillance. If such places do not herald the end of public space, they do represent \" publicity without democracy.\" 2010 American Sociological Association.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Madden","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"City and Community","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"187-207","title":"Revisiting the end of public space: Assembling the public in an Urban park","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=41a422c2-f1e6-43c7-a4f7-a3f82cfdd9f4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[198]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[198]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[198]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[198]. Ecosystems provide an avenue for people to participate in activities with others ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Stress and stress-related illnesses, as reflected in medical records, have in- creased dramatically among adults and children in Western societies. A growing part of the budget for medical service in Sweden is used for individuals suffering from different stress-related illnesses such as burnout syndrome, insomnia and fatigue, depression, feelings of panic, etc. In this paper, we present results from a study in which 953 ran- domly selected individuals in nine Swedish cities answered a questionnaire about their health and their use of different urban open green spaces in and close to the city. The results indicate that city landscape planning may affect the health of town-dwellers. Statistically significant relationships were found between the use of urban open green spaces and self-reported experiences of stress regardless of the informants age, sex and socio-economic status. The results suggest that the more often a person visits urban open green spaces, the less often he or she will report stress-related illnesses. The same pattern is shown when time spent per week in urban open green spaces is measured. The distance to public urban open green spaces seems to be of decisive importance, as is access to a garden, in the form of a private garden or a green yard immediately adjacent to, for instance, an apartment building. People do not usually compensate for lack of green environments in their own residential area with more visits to public parks or urban forests. According to our results, laying out more green areas close to apartment houses, and making these areas more accessible, could make for more restorative environments. Out- door areas that provide environments free from demands and stress, and that are avail- able as part of everyday life, could have significant positive effects on the health of town-dwellers in Sweden. This may also apply to other Western societies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grahn","given":"Patrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stigsdotter","given":"Ulrika A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"1-18","title":"Grahn, P. & Stigsdotter, U., 2003","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3076c4fd-fc23-42c5-ad62-6f8e7869c4d9"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/1471-2458-10-456","ISBN":"1471245810","ISSN":"14712458","PMID":"20684754","abstract":"Background. There is increasing interest in the potential role of the natural environment in human health and well-being. However, the evidence-base for specific and direct health or well-being benefits of activity within natural compared to more synthetic environments has not been systematically assessed. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to collate and synthesise the findings of studies that compare measurements of health or well-being in natural and synthetic environments. Effect sizes of the differences between environments were calculated and meta-analysis used to synthesise data from studies measuring similar outcomes. Results. Twenty-five studies met the review inclusion criteria. Most of these studies were crossover or controlled trials that investigated the effects of short-term exposure to each environment during a walk or run. This included 'natural' environments, such as public parks and green university campuses, and synthetic environments, such as indoor and outdoor built environments. The most common outcome measures were scores of different self-reported emotions. Based on these data, a meta-analysis provided some evidence of a positive benefit of a walk or run in a natural environment in comparison to a synthetic environment. There was also some support for greater attention after exposure to a natural environment but not after adjusting effect sizes for pretest differences. Meta-analysis of data on blood pressure and cortisol concentrations found less evidence of a consistent difference between environments across studies. Conclusions. Overall, the studies are suggestive that natural environments may have direct and positive impacts on well-being, but support the need for investment in further research on this question to understand the general significance for public health. 2010 Bowler et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bowler","given":"Diana E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buyung-Ali","given":"Lisette M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knight","given":"Teri M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pullin","given":"Andrew S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"BMC Public Health","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"May 2014","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=db48ea3d-744c-4ad2-8033-251949b0ce59"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/ijerph13070644","ISSN":"16604601","PMID":"27367713","abstract":"A well-designed open space that encourages outdoor activity and social communication is a community asset that could potentially contribute to the health of local residents and social harmony of the community. Numerous factors may influence the use of each single space and may result in a variety of visitors. Compared with previous studies that focused on accessibility, this study highlights the relationship between the utilization and characteristics of community open spaces in China. The Overseas Chinese Town community in Shenzhen is regarded as an example. The association between the number of visitors and space characteristics is examined with multivariate regression models. Results show that large areas with accessible lawns, well-maintained footpaths, seats, commercial facilities, and water landscapes are important characteristics that could increase the use of community open spaces. However, adding green vegetation, sculptures, and landscape accessories in open spaces has limited effects on increasing the outdoor activities of residents. Thus, to increase the use of community open spaces, landscape designers should focus more on creating user-oriented spaces with facilities that encourage active use than on improving ornamental vegetation and accessories.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"Yiyong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Tao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Xie","given":"Xiaohuan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maruai","given":"Barbara Goli nik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"What attracts people to visit community open spaces? A case study of the overseas chinese town community in Shenzhen, China","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f3d62c36-bbe2-4779-a188-25a9e304640d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[199201]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[199201]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[199201]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[199201]. Ecosystems provide a basis for creation of bonds with people and generation of social capital ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10490-006-9031-2","ISSN":"02174561","abstract":"What is the unique nature of social capital that differentiates itself from other forms of capital? How should we conceptualize and operationalize social capital? What are the major drivers and outcomes of social capital? To address the three questions, I apply the duality lens-the perspective of regarding each entity as a paradox consisting of two contrasting yet interdependent components-to social capital for an integrative model of informal exchange. The focus of this paper is on the duality relationship between the content variables (social tie, social capital, social behavior along two basic dimensions: trust for tie strength and option for network structure) and the process variables (antecedent, content, process, and consequence) toward a geocentric framework of formal-informal exchange. I intend to make two contributions. First, the conceptualization and operationalization of social capital is developed from the duality lens of formal-informal exchange so as to identify the unique nature of social capital as an informal entity. Second, a holistic, dynamic, and dialectic model of social capital is provided to explore the causal links between various elements related to social capital. 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Peter Ping","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"227-246","title":"Social tie, social capital, and social behavior: Toward an integrative model of informal exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=25f9977a-c69c-437c-9ff7-0c16503e159e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[202]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[202]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[202]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[202]. Using the guide provided by the MEA classifications, the values statements in the different envelopes were carefully analyzed to determine whether they fell within any of the MEA categories or sub-categories. During this process, the narratives which were derived from the workshop were used to give context to the statements. This was another way to ensure validity in the classification and to certify that the meanings intended by the participants were incorporated and not the meanings assumed by the researcher. Subsequent to the classification of the values was the analysis of the results which involved drawing out trends, making comparisons, highlighting patterns and making generalizations. In summary, this chapter describes the steps and processes that were involved in generating and analyzing the values frameworks of various groups. It also describes the Millennium Assessment framework and how it can guide in classifying values. In the next chapter, the results obtained from these steps will be presented. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 4.0 Overview In the last chapter, we demonstrated how the use of a values-based deliberative approach known as the WeValue InSitu crystallization process was used in conjunction with an analytical framework (The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) to elicit, identify and situate ecosystem services in an envelope of values. These envelopes of values contain statements of shared values of the group and shared values are what is important to people. In addition to the envelopes of values, a narrative was also developed. The narrative is the groups description of how and why the value statements were chosen. It helps in understanding the reason and motivations for the values framework. In this chapter we present the results of the WeValue InSitu crystallization process and the analysis that were carried out using the methods in the last chapter. It should be recalled that the aim of this study is to identify the shared values of different groups with regard to ecosystem services and to also demonstrate the situatedness of these ecosystem services and environmental values within the wider scope of other social values in the values envelopes of different groups. Additionally, the variations within sites and across groups are also investigated to check for patterns and trends. Consequently, the results section of this thesis would contain a visual display of the values envelopes and narratives together with an in-depth presentation of the results of two groups of ward councilors in Ufuma and Nanka. This would be followed by a brief presentation of the results of other groups of ward councilor in the villages. Afterwards, the results of the village committees for the youth, health and women would be presented using the same format of a visual display of envelope and narrative plus an in-depth explanation of the results. The last group of results that would be presented would be that of the groups of teachers in Ufuma, Nanka and Nsukka. This will include a more in-depth presentation of some groups and a visual presentation of the values envelopes and narratives of some other groups. Immediately following each section of result presentation (envelopes + narratives and in-depth explanation), we also present the results of an Ecosystem Analysis using the framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The Ecosystem analysis shows the situatedness of the ecosystem services, the variations across groups, roles and sites, the specific ecosystem services elicited and the connection with the village contexts. Using the data derived from the WeValue process and ecosystem analysis, we also compared results with reference to roles and sites for different groups of ward councilors, village committees and teachers. The results are presented below. 4.1 Situated Shared Values (Values Frameworks and Envelopes plus Narratives) of Village Councilors in Ufuma Below I present results of two groups in some detail, to enable the reader to understand their nature and relationships to each other better. After that I present the results more briefly, but in terms of the sets of group types. 4.1.1 Village Councilor Group 8 (VC8) This is a group of ward councilors. Their responsibility is to represent their constituency in matters of collective importance. They are the immediate governance structure for their village and mediate between individuals, families or groups to ensure general welfare, peace and progress. Additionally, they are entrusted with the responsibility of managing the collective resources of the community. The diagram below is a structural representation of the values framework of VC8. It is an envelope of 8 statements produced by the group; hence it is referred to as a Values Envelope. The arrangement runs from a number 1through to number 8. The values framework of this group contains such themes as population growth, religion, farming, hard work, economic ability etc. Again, some of the values statements have diverse applications. For example, Statement 8 reads We are empowered and can come together to discuss and agree on how to solve our challenges. This statement contains the groups regard for empowerment, agreement and solving challenges together. This may be considered an example of value pluralism. The values envelope is presented below.  Figure 11. A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC8 in Ufuma Village Councilors (VC) group 8 produced a set of 8 values statements linearly arranged. These statements were considered by the group as being important, worthwhile and valuable (meaningful) to them. The values framework of this group encompassed a range of ideas including desire for population growth, Farming, Religion, work, Livelihood and Unity. For example, the first statement in their framework reads, it is important to us that our population grows. This was probably viewed as a highly important value considering that it came first in the list of values. Again, the linear arrangement of the values statement can be regarded as an indication of the order of priority or scale of importance of the values listed. The values statement terminated with the aspiration that we are empowered and can come together to discuss and agree on how to solve challenges. This particular statement had several themes woven into it empowerment, unity, good communication, agreement and solving challenges. This is indeed instructive in that although the values statements are concise and direct, they may have connotations for other themes that were not expressly mentioned. A complete list of the value statements is given below: 4.1.1.1 Value Statements of VC8 It is important to us that our population grows. Farming is what we are known for. We love religion. It is important and everyone should join any religion he/she wants and nobody should stop the other from worshipping the way he/she wants. But we want these government projects to be sustained in our village. It is important to us also that people are engaged in meaningful hard work. Consequently, it is important to us that individuals have strong economic ability. The reason we dont usually have crises is because we thoroughly investigate any information before we pass judgment We are empowered and can come together to discuss and agree on how to solve our challenges Furthermore, the statements produced were also accompanied by Narratives which explained or strengthened the meanings portrayed by the statements. The Narratives were attempts made by the participants to recap the value statements that they had chosen and why they chose them. It also showed the logical sequence of the statements a kind of guide for assessing and interpreting the statements. The Narratives along with the values statements for Group VC8 are shown below. 4.1.1.2 Narratives and Values Statements for VC8 START OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VC8: The Number one thing is that it is important that our population grows (that we have population increase) and in doing that, we will give our children proper training and upbringing so that they can be worthy representatives; they will go to school, give birth to children who will be worthy citizens and the cycle continues, 1 It is important to us that our population grows. Then, farming is what we are known for; the only problem is that we lack help to make the work easier. Thats why we say that mechanization of agriculture is very important to us. The provision of agricultural machines will enable us to boost and increase agricultural output: 2 Farming is what we are known for. We love Religion. It is important and everyone should join any religion he/she wants and nobody should stop the other from worshipping the way he/she wants. Problems arise when we want to start comparing one religion to the other. When these things happen in sequence (properly), we will be able to have children, train them properly and they can represent us anywhere, even in government circles. They will be able to get jobs, help others and become useful to the society. 3 We love religion. It is important and everyone should join any religion he/she wants and nobody should stop the other from worshipping the way he/she wants. If we dont have people in Government, anything that is done in our village cannot last. It is usually taken out by those from other villages who are more influential in government and we cannot do anything about that. But we want these Government projects to be sustained in our village, 4 But we want these government projects to be sustained in our village. It is important to us also that people are engaged in meaningful hard work. It will make them useful both to themselves and the community. The Community can gain something from the individual, 5 It is important to us also that people are engaged in meaningful hard work. Consequently, it is important to us that individuals have strong economic ability. For us we have plantations, through which we raise funds to help others, 6 Consequently, it is important to us that individuals have strong economic ability. Again, when you come to our community, the reason we dont usually have crises is because we thoroughly investigate any information before we pass judgment. If we dont do so, it will generate crisis, peace will be lacking and enemies can come into the village. We are very careful when judging matters, 7 The reason we dont usually have crises is because we thoroughly investigate any information before we pass judgment In all these things, we are empowered and can come together to discuss and agree on how to solve our challenges. Once we agree, we are able to overcome our challenges and move our village forward, 8 We are empowered and can come together to discuss and agree on how to solve our challenges END OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VC8. The statements above together with the accompanying comments give a values portrait of the group. It shows an indication of the scale of preference that the group would adopt in any case of decision-making or situations where choices need to be made. We illustrate this further with the results from another group of ward councilors (VC9) shown below. 4.1.2 Village Councilor Group 9 (VC9) The second group presented in detail for illustration is VC9, which plays similar roles as the first group, VC8. Their major responsibilities include mediation, management, governance and providing general leadership to their community. It should be noted that this group is composed primarily of men although it is not a written law that the group must be made up of the male gender. This may have its roots in some transcendental values which can be investigated in another study. Village Councilors (VC) group 9 produced a total of seven value statements in their values envelope. The value statements were arranged in a cluster and not linearly. This is probably an indication that the values were considered equally important and hence, does not assume any particular order of priority. The seven values statements comprise values about family ties and social relations, excellence, youth, legacies and agriculture. The first statement reads it is important to us that we ensure that family ties are maintained and that people are trained very well in the family. This shows the centrality of the family structure in the values framework of this group. In fact, the statement also alludes that the basic discipline of training is to be carried out in the family. The second statement is closely linked to and builds on the first we value strong social relations and we support one another. These two foundational values are reflections of the value of relationships in the functioning of the group and how it should be accommodated in their plans and actions. The next 3 value statements are concerned with excellence, nurturing youths to take over legacies and hard work. This shows how they operate and conduct the affairs of the group. The values within this section indicate the actions that are taken by the group to prepare for the future. The last set of 2 values statements demonstrates the aspirations of the group. They speak about the desired future that they envisage. Statements about having improved varieties of economic trees and having equipments that can enable them engage in commercial agriculture speak of their long-term interests in agriculture. It definitely shows that they are primarily agrarian and their measure of success is defined by their advancement in agricultural practices and the attendant improved yields. 4.1.2.1 Value Statements of VC9 The list of values statements developed by VC9 is presented below: It is important to us that we ensure that family ties are maintained and that people are trained very well in the family We value strong social relations and we support one another It is important that we emulate excellence in all areas, in others. It is important to us that our youth are nurtured to take over from us and to follow our legacies It is important to us that everyone has something doing and is hardworking It is important to us that we have improved varieties of economic trees (example plantains) It is important to us that we have equipment and machines to engage in commercial agriculture As is the practice, the statements were accompanied by a narrative to give contextual support to the framework. The narrative for VC9 is presented below and also shows where the statements fit into the picture and how they flow. 4.1.2.2 Narratives and Values Statements for VC9 The values statements and narratives for VC9 are presented below. We observe how the narratives help to bring out the obvious and intended meanings captured in the statements. START OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VC9: It helps to ensure that everyone is well trained. Talking about family ties, for example when you come to the things we do, our hustles and our farm work, it means that when we wake up, and we want to go to work in the farm, we take our children along with us to the farm. If there is anything the family is doing, we ensure that our children join us. Even if they go to school, in the evening, after school hours, they still come to join us to work in the farm. We train them in these things, 1 It is important to us that we ensure that family ties are maintained and that people are trained very well in the family As we work together in the farm, we interact a lot with each other because we meet each other in the farms. If there is anyone that has a problem or other emergency in the farm, we help them for example if they have problems with flooding in their farm lands, we help them. If someone planted certain crops and didnt get a commensurate harvest, we help him by advising him on what to do. In some cases, we even help by giving him seedlings to replant and replace the spoilt ones. So we support one another, 2 We value strong social relations and we support one another Thirdly it is important to us that we emulate excellence. Like in our farms, when we notice that someones crops were particularly very productive, we ask him and observe how he was able to achieve the results. And he will always advise us on the best way to approach planting that crop. He can tell us to plant certain crops only at certain times and when we do so, it produces the same result. As such when we see others having the same problem, we advise them in the same way so that they can also have the same output. That way, the excellence spreads, 3 It is important that we emulate excellence in all areas, in others. It is important that our youth are nurtured and take over from us. Anyone who isnt able to get a white-collar job should join us in the farm work and follow our precepts. Again, we value that everyone is hardworking, to have a means of livelihood in order to sustain oneself. If it isnt farming, let the person learn another trade or craft, wherever his destiny leads him. The important thing is that everyone has a legitimate work is diligent in their work, 4 It is important to us that our youth are nurtured to take over from us and to follow our legacies 5 It is important to us that everyone has something doing and is hardworking Being diligent in our work requires that we as farmers have need of improved varieties of seedlings (like plantain). Not just plantain but other economic trees and plants that will help us. Some of the seedlings we have can take up to 5-10 years to grow but if we can have access to the ones that can produce in 2-3 years, we will be happy because it will help us a lot, 6 It is important to us that we have improved varieties of economic trees (example plantains) In our farm work, we usually depend on manual labour to do the work and it has serious limitations in terms of the size of land that can be cultivated. So we need mechanized agricultural equipment 7 It is important to us that we have equipment and machines to engage in commercial agriculture so that we can cultivate in hectares. It will lead to large quantity of output which puts you on a commercial scale. As such you are not only cultivating to feed your family but you have excess to sell and meet up with all your financial challenges. For this study, the final product of the WeValue process is the diagram of the structural framework of the group (values envelope) and an integrated narrative-plus-statements dataset. The visual display of the values envelope is shown below in figure 12:  Figure 12: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC9 in Ufuma 4.1.3 Visual Display of the Situated Shared Values of the remaining Groups of Village Councilors in Ufuma The remaining groups of village councilors in Ufuma produced similar results. The groups had similar characteristics as the previously described groups of village councilors. They were basically groups of people chosen by the villagers to represent the village and make decisions on their behalf. The same procedure was carried out for the 9 groups of village councilors in Ufuma. The results of the WeValue workshops in the form of diagrams showing the values envelopes, statements and narratives of the remaining 7 groups of village councilors are presented below. All the values statements were accompanied with corresponding narratives except for VC1, VC2 and VC3 where no narratives were given because the participants felt that their discussions which have been captured through recordings had everything they needed to say about the statements and did not see any further need for giving a narrative. 4.1.3.1 Village Councilor Group 1 (VC1) Village Councilors (VC) group 1 produced a set of fourteen values statements.  Figure 13: A visual display of the Values Statements of Village Councilor Group VC1 in Ufuma. 4.1.3.2 Village Councilor Group 2 (VC2)  Figure 14: A visual display of the Values Statements of Village Councilor Group VC2 in Ufuma 4.1.3.3 Village Councilor Group 3 (VC3)  Figure 15: A visual display of the Values Statements of Village Councilor Group VC3 in Ufuma 4.1.3.4 Village Councilor Group 4 (VC4)  Figure 16: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC4 in Ufuma 4.1.3.5 Village Councilor Group 5 (VC5)  Figure 16: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC5 in Ufuma 4.1.3.6 Village Councilor Group 6 (VC6) Figure 17: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC6 in Ufuma 4.1.3.7 Village Councilor Group 7 (VC7)  Figure 18: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC7 in Ufuma Ecosystem Analysis of the Village Councilor Groups in Ufuma 4.1.4.1 Situatedness An analysis of the values statements of the 9 groups of ward councilors in Ufuma reveals that Ecosystem services were embedded in the wider human values of the groups. All the groups had references to one or more ecosystem services and in many cases, these were considered vital in the functioning of the groups. Almost all the groups made reference to farming or agriculture as one of the things that are very important to them. This shows the centrality of the ecosystem goods and services connected with farming to the groups and by extension, the community. For example, groups VC 1 VC 4 make specific reference on the importance of farming to them and their love for farming. Group 8 describes their attachment to farming thus, Farming is what we are known for. This is evidence that farming/agriculture, an environmental variable, is considered as a valid part of the lives and functioning of these groups. Variation /not across these Groups The groups were similar in that they consistently mentioned the importance of farming in their operations. However, farming and agriculture was approached from different angles by the groups. While all the groups mentioned farming because of its livelihood potentials and outputs, a few of the groups were careful to give details of the requirements for the farming process and what they needed to increase production. For example, groups VC 5 and VC 9 were specific about the need for farming equipments. VC 3 (It is important to us to engage in Agriculture for commercial purposes.) and VC 9 (It is important to us that we have equipment and machines to engage in commercial agriculture) also mentioned the need for involvement in agriculture for commercial purposes. Among all the groups, only group VC 1 had any mention of the need to control erosion and flooding (It is important to us that flooding and Erosion is prevented). The others are silent on this. 4.1.4.3 ESS Categories Elicited and Identified In general, all the 3 categories of ecosystem services according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) were identified in Ufuma. In all the groups (VC 1 VC 9), provisioning services were clearly elicited and identified. This was so because the obvious result of farming and other agricultural activities are the products. Only one group (VC 1) was able to generate a regulating service while all the groups produced some amount of cultural ecosystem services. The cultural category of Knowledge Systems (KS) were the most abundant of cultural ecosystem services (CES) generated. This was closely followed by the Sense of Place (SOP). Social Relations (SR) and Cultural Diversity and Identity (CDI) were generated equally and are the third most abundant. Interestingly, 2 cultural categories Aesthetics and Inspiration were not elicited in this study with ward councilors in Ufuma. 4.1.4.4 Connection with Ufuma context The study site for these nine groups of village councilors is Ufuma a rural community with a population of mostly subsistence farmers. It is therefore expected that their values should show some correlation with the communitys characteristics. Hence, farming which is the major occupation of the members featured prominently in the values statements. It is so deeply entrenched that group VC 1 describes it as an integral part of our lives and VC 8 mentions it as a part of their identity (Farming is what we are known for). The values of mechanization and commercialization of their agricultural practices and products may be an indication of their desire for better and enhanced outputs. The table below shows a list of values statements from the nine groups of village councilors in Ufuma which had references to ecosystem services and other environmental values. They were extracted from the wider framework of shared values produced by the different groups. It also shows the different categories of Ecosystem Services elicited from the groups. TABLE 5: A summary of all those shared values statements produced by each of the 9 Village Councils of Ufuma which contained reference to ecosystem services, with the meaning contained coded as a proportion of any of the MEA ESS categories that seems applicable (Figures are rounded and presented as percentages). LABEL  STATEMENTS PRVRGLSPRRCRAESINSPEDUSOPCHCDIKSSRVC12. It is important to us that flooding and Erosion is prevented.100VC19. It is important to us that portable water and other amenities are close to us.100VC114. Farming is an integral part of our lives5013131313VC29.Farming is very important to us.5013131313VC210.It is important to us that we have mechanized Agriculture to increase output.100VC215.It is important to us that development comes to our communityVC217.We love fun, joy and celebrations100VC33.Farming is very important to us5013131313VC34. It is important to us that we have increased agricultural produce.7525VC35. It is important to us to engage in Agriculture for commercial purposes.7525VC37. Good roads are very important to us25VC38. It is important to us that local business people contribute to development like road maintenance.25VC312. It is important to us that we manufacture things locally50VC315.It is important to us that we have our own houses.25252525VC41.It is important to us that we have good roads.VC42.We need bridges in order to communicate well in our community. We need bridges for easy movement of farm produce.50VC44.We need agricultural machines to reduce our labour [because we are farmers]50VC45. It is important to us that we have proper irrigation [because we are farmers].7525VC46.We love agriculture [so we need agricultural machines to produce food in abundance]40202020VC47. We need agricultural machines to increase our agro-output [Because we love Agriculture].100VC48.We need improved economic trees [we survive on them]7525VC49.We value reduced suffering and labour [in our farming]50VC53.It is important that we put hands together to develop our community [take care5050VC55.It is important to us that we have Farming Equipment for increased output and reduced suffering.502525VC56.It is important to us that development (houses, roads, potable water, electricity) comes to our village5025VC59.Because we are farmers, it is important that we are hardworking and not lazy [to produce enough food].204040VC510.It is important to us that everyone has his own personal house no matter how small.5050VC62.It is very important that we have good access roads in our community [so we can transport our farm produce to the market] [anything that concerns roads is very important because any community without roads lacks significance]502525VC64. Mechanized farming is important to us because it reduces death rate and increases Farm output.502525VC65.We celebrate our harvest with the New Yam Festival.403030VC73.It is important to us that everyone has his own building (house)50VC74.It is important to us that we are able to market our farm produce.100VC75.It is important to us that we have development like Estates in our village50VC710.Agriculture is very important to us.502525VC82. Farming is what we are known for [enable us to boost and increase agricultural output].40202020VC86. Consequently, it is important to us that individuals have strong economic ability. [For us we have plantations, through which we raise funds to help others}100VC91. It is important to us that we ensure that family ties are maintained and that people are trained very well in the family [by joining us in farm work and being trained in it]20202040VC92.We value strong social relations and we support one another [working together & helping in the farm]100VC93.It is important that we emulate excellence in all areas, in others. [especially in farm work]5050VC94.It is important to us that our youth are nurtured to take over from us and to follow our legacies [even in farm work]50VC95.It is important to us that everyone has something doing and is hardworking50VC96.It is important to us that we have improved varieties of economic trees (example plantains)7525VC97. It is important to us that we have equipment and machines to engage in commercial agriculture100 4.2 Situated shared values (Values Frameworks and envelopes plus Narratives) of other Village Committees (Youth; Women; Health) in Ufuma In line with the objectives of the study to investigate the variations in the occurrence of ecosystem services and environmental values in the values frameworks of different groups, we conducted the study using a different type of group village committees. The study involved a different set of groups namely the village committees for the youth, women and Health. These groups were included to check for variations or consistencies across various group types. First, the results of the WeValue workshops for the different groups are presented and later, the implications of the data for ecosystem services are explored. 4.2.1 Village Youth Committee VY12 The group VY 12 is the representative of the village youth. They are responsible for organizing the youth, arranging meetings and mobilizing them for community engagements. The workshop with the youth executive committee produced a set of 11 Value statements in their values envelope. The youth group started with values about diligence in attending to meetings and commitments, information management and the need to invest in the village. It is noteworthy that statements 3 (It is important to us that people invest in our village), 4(It is important to us that local businesses contribute to village development and job creation) and 5A (It is important to us that people are hardworking, not lazy) have a lot to do with investments, job creation, and hard work which are values that have to do with economy/financial gains. This is a pointer to the areas of interest for the youth in this community. Furthermore, the Youth group provides a link between the presence or absence of these economic means (5A) and certain vices like hard drugs (5B). So, their values statements contain their perceived solution to certain societal ills. Statements about farming and erosion control are centrally placed and considered important such that references to job creation are linked to farming. In addition, erosion control is considered as a job for the youth and they have taken ownership of this responsibility. The later values statements of the youth group were focused on the future and rewards for deserving persons. It is part of their aspirations. 4.2.1.1 Narratives and Values Statements for VY12 The narratives and value statements of VY 12 are presented below: START OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VY12: It is important that people are diligent in meeting commitments Diligent in meeting commitments has to do with meetings, gatherings You understand? People being committed and attending as and at when due with the understanding that this thing is a meeting and theres a time for it. 1. It is important to us that people are diligent to attend meetings or meet commitments Then number 2, it is important to us that we dont hide information without good reason you know its not good to hide information. Before someone should hide information, you know that there must be a good reason for hiding it because there are some good information that may be revealed in the presence of someone who is not supposed to be there and it will hamper the outcome of whether an investigation or other thing 2. It is important to us that we dont hide information without good reason Number 3, it is important to us that people invest in our village. Yeah, it is good that people should be investing in our village because it will attract development and will create jobs for the youth. You understand/ because this time around now, people no longer wait for white collar jobs or be waiting for government to create jobs. But our people who are industrious, who are in other places and are well to do, can come back home and make investments. And when they make investments in the community, then the job will be for the citizens of the community. Then development will come. 3. It is important to us that people invest in our village Number 4, it is important to us that local businesses contribute to village development and job creation. It is like the same thing with the other one. Once there is a good local business on ground, there comes development and job creation as well. Everybody will be happy. 4. It is important to us that local businesses contribute to village development and job creation Now Number 5A, it is important that people are hardworking, not lazy. This is telling us that hard work is very good in the community as a youth. Because for anyone who is hardworking, it is difficult to find him complaining about the government or this thing. Laziness isnt good in a community because it will bring a lot of vices and bad habits. 5A. It is important to us that people are hardworking, not lazy 5b, It is important that our community doesnt have scourge of hard drugs. Laziness goes with these hard drugs of a thing. Because when someone is hardworking, you will see that his mind will not dwell on anything that has to do with hard drugs. 5B. It is important to us that our community doesnt have scourge of hard drugs Number 6, it is important to us that we are close to farming. Farming is so important. Apart from the normal cultivation or farming, we also have poultry farming and other types of farming. It is good in the community and it is a way of creating jobs also. 6. It is important to us that we are close to farming It is important to us that those that have strength regularly volunteer to help with the erosion or road maintenance work. Yes. This thing is very important and thats why we the youth took it upon ourselves by telling our elders to remove their hands from anything that has to do with road maintenance work and even erosion control because the strength is still there in the youth. So we took it upon ourselves to make sure that this makes progress. 7. It is important to us that those that have strength regularly volunteer to help with the erosion or road maintenance work It is important to us that we protect against oppression of others: that we are careful in our judgment. It is part of our duty as youths, that any oppression in our community, we dont mind whether you are from this place or whether you are an outsider or stranger, all we want is that you do the right thing, keep your hands straight we will not oppress you. Maybe, if you have problems with an indigene and he is at fault, we will not cover him up, we are not like that! 8. It is important to us that we protest oppression of others: that we are careful in our judgment Then, it is important to us that we make good plan that consider the long term future. Why this is important is that whatever we do today will determine how our community will be in the future. And that is why it is important that any plans that we are making should be plans we are very careful with and make sure that our plans have future benefits. 9. It is important to us that we make good plan that consider the long-term future Then the last, it is important to us that we give people credit for the things they do for others. If you look carefully, you will discover that there are some of our people that always come to our aid - both in the issue of roads, when we are creating virgin roads, when we have problems he told you earlier how we had the problem of armored cable, so those people that contribute to do those things, it is important that we also make out time to appreciate them for what they have done. And when you appreciate someone who has done something, the person will be happy and also have a sense of belonging knowing that this people really accept what they have done. 10. It is important to us that we give people credit for the things they do for others END OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VY12:  Figure 19: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of the Village Youth Committee VY12 in Ufuma 4.2.2 Village Health Committee VH13 VH 13 is regarded in the village as the Health Committee. They are group of retired civil servants and practicing local health workers who are charged with the responsibility of promoting the health of the village by creating awareness on the need for immunization of children and providing the first and affordable access to health care and drugs to members of the community. They are saddled with the responsibility of running a mobile health post and liaising with local government authorities to procure health supplies for the community. They claim that their major challenge is the lack of financial resources to execute their responsibilities. The workshop held with this group produced a set of 11 values statements in the values envelope. The framework begins with the foundational values of respect for elders and the fear of God and terminates with the need for enhanced agricultural productivity and improved processing and storage of the products. Improved agricultural productivity is linked to good weather, which in this case is described as the absence of drought and the existence of rain at the due season. They acknowledge that although it is beyond their control to control the weather, it is nonetheless important as a determinant of productivity. There are also values about strong family ties, hard work, development of potentials etc. 4.2.2.1 Narratives and Values Statements for VH13 The values statements and narratives of the health committee are presented below: START OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VH13: Number one, we started from the elders. The elders, we must have to respect our elders and be God-fearing because of a truth, if we respect our elders and have the fear of God, God will guide us to 2. It is important to us that we respect our elders and are God-fearing Our families will be bound together. We desire to have strong family ties. There will be love in the family. 1. It is important to us that we have strong family ties Then the other one is that it is important to us that our youth from that one if we are God-fearing and have a family that is knitted together, it will help our youths to develop their potentials and also those that are lazy will no longer be so. There must be hardworking people not lazy. Not only that, issues concerning unwanted pregnancy will not arise and we dont want that in our village. 3. It is important to us that our people are not lazy but hardworking 4. It is important to us that our youth are helped to develop their potential 5. It is important that we do not have unwanted pregnancies It is also important that our village doesnt have conflicts, disagreements should not be there and once we are God-fearing, that (disagreements) will not be. 6. It is important to us that we do not have disagreements in the village It is also important that every one of us contributes ideas in every occasion instead of saying Join and contribute! Contribution is what helps us in the village. And when we are doing that in love, there will be progress. 7. It is important to us that everyone contributes ideas in the group We also said that it is important to have local businesses that will contribute to our village. We have talked of how they can be of help in this village roads, water and so on. 8. It is important to us that local businesses contribute to village development It is important that we have good weather. That is very important because if we dont have good weather, there is nothing that we cultivate that will be tangible It will be only drought. In the bible times, there were times when they stayed for many years without any rainfall; It was only drought, ehee. Or if you are coming out (Male voice: but you cannot control the weather!), But it is important to us! 9. It is important to us that we have good weather Then from there, if we have good weather, (we will be able to produce food) we will have agriculturebecause we have lands even processing it In fact we have enough land that will sustain us in food production. Then if we produce food, we should process and store it. Right? 10. It is important to us that our land can give us enough to sustain us 11. It is important to us that agricultural products are well processed and stored END OF NARRATIVE OF GROUP VH13: The schematic representation of the framework of group VH 13 is shown in the figure below:  Figure 20: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of the Village Health Committee VH13 in Ufuma 4.2.3 Village Women Committee VW 14 The group VW 14 is the executive committee of the women. They are mostly farmers and traders who sell some of their farm produce and other commodities in the weekly market. Most of them arent literate having not completed secondary education. All were mothers and grandmothers with mostly grown children (i.e. none was still breastfeeding nor still had toddlers). They represent the women in the community and help to organize different activities like collection of levies. In some situations, they are also responsible for enforcing disciplinary measures as it pertains to women in the community. The workshop with the women group (VW 14) produced a set of 9 values statements in the values envelope. Interestingly, the framework started with statements such as It is important that we have daily market(Statement 1), It is important that we have our own source of water (Statement 2)and It is important to us that erosion problems are controlled (Statement 3). These are all indications of their value for the environment and resources that are obtained from it and how these should be managed. It may be regarded a bit surprising that the other life values of respect, peace and unity in the family are listed as the terminal values. Additionally, it is observed that the women group do not make a direct mention of farming although most of them were subsistence farmers. The possible reason for this may be the WeValue structure which emphasizes the discussion of the values of a group in the context of their shared experiences, vision and roles or functions. Hence, we see them discussing on the need for a daily market, probably because much of their interactions were carried out in the market context and not in the farmlands. Again, we see the women discuss their value for empowerment through education. Being a group composed of predominantly people with little exposure to education, this is quite instructive. This may be a statement not of shared vision, but of shared aspirations. The structural framework of the women group (VW 14) is presented below along with a complete list of the values statements. There was no narrative in this framework because the women just read out the statements as it was written and did not offer any further explanations.  Figure 21: A visual display of the Values Statements of the Village Women Committee VW14 in Ufuma 4.2.4 Ecosystem Analysis of the Village Committees in Ufuma 4.2.4.1 Situatedness An evaluation of the 3 different groups (Youth, Health and Women) reveal that ecosystem services are situated right within the shared social values of the groups. A close inspection of the values shows that there is no attempt by the groups to create any distinction between statements on ecosystem services and that on other domains of life. Group VY 12 generated ecosystem services explicitly linked to farming (Statement 6). For group VH 13, statements 9 (It is important to us that we have good weather), 10 (It is important to us that our land can give us enough to sustain us) and 11(It is important to us that agricultural products are well processed and stored) are values founded on the supply and regulation of ecosystem services. Also to be noted is that these values were elicited from a group as specialized as the Health committee. The framework of Group VW 14 displays the central place of ecosystem services in the groups structure. They mention the need for a source of water (Statement 2) and also the necessity for erosion to be controlled (Statement 3). 4.2.4.2 Variation /Not Across These 3 Groups The three groups all produced value types consistent with their shared interactions. It is remarkable that the women do not mention farming as an ecosystem of interest in contrast to the other 2 groups. They however refer to the need for a source of water which is another provisioning service not mentioned by the youth and health groups. VY 12 produced the greatest number of cultural services (3) followed by VW 14 (2) and VH 13 (1) in that order. Apart from Cultural Diversity and Identity (CDI), Knowledge Systems (KS) and Social Relations (SR), all the other categories of CES were missing in the 3 groups. 4.2.4.3 Variation with Role, Including Comparison with 4.1 Results Comparing the results of these 3 village committees (Youth, Health and Women) with the Village councilors, it was observed that the cultural category of knowledge systems (KS) was the most abundant amongst them. This may require further investigation in the future. Additionally, the study with village councilors produced more cultural categories than the village committees. This is probably due to the role of the village councilors who perform a wider range of oversight functions when compared with other groups who are more focused on a specific group. Again, in both classes of groups, Aesthetics and Inspiration CES are missing. 4.2.4.4 ESS categories elicited and identified All the MEA ESS categories were elicited and identified across the 3 groups. Also, each of the 3 groups produced all the MEA categories of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services. As was the case with the ward councilors, the provisioning services elicited in the study were more than the other services. The cultural services were the second most abundant ecosystem service elicited with knowledge systems (KS) occurring in a higher frequency than the other cultural categories. Both the youth and women groups generated regulatory services that had to do with Flood and erosion control while the Health group produced the regulatory service of good weather which can also be referred to as a supporting service since it helps in the proper functioning of the provisioning services related to agriculture. 4.2.4.5 Connection with Ufuma context The different roles of the groups under consideration may account for differences in the areas of ESS emphasis. The women (VW14) and the youth (VY12) made references to erosion control an environmental issue of emerging concern. Likewise the health committee (VH13) and the youth group (VY12) discussed about farming which is the major occupation of the members of the community. Table 6: A summary of all the shared values statements produced by each of the 3 Village Committees (Youth (VY12), Health (VH13) and Women (VW14)) in Ufuma which contained references to ecosystem services, with the meaning contained coded as a proportion of any of the MEA ESS categories that seems applicable (Figures are rounded and presented as percentages). LABELSTATEMENTPRVRGLSPRRCRAESINSPEDUSOPCHCDIKSSRVY124.It is important to us that local businesses contribute to village development and job creation. [...we also have poultry farming and other types of farming. It is good in the community and it is a way of creating jobs also.]50VY126.It is important to us that we are close to farming. [Apart from the normal cultivation or farming, we also have poultry farming and other types of farming. It is good in the community and it is a way of creating jobs also.]5050VY127.It is important to us that those that have strength regularly volunteer to help with the erosion or road maintenance work [...thats why we the youth took it upon ourselves by telling our elders to remove their hands from anything that has to do with road maintenance work and even erosion control because the strength is still there in the youth].5050VY1210.It is important to us that we give people credit for the things they do for others. [...If you look carefully, you will discover that there are some of our people that always come to our aid - both in the issue of roads, when we are creating virgin roads, when we have problems]75VH139. It is important to us that we have good weather [...That is very important because if we dont have good weather, there is nothing that we cultivate that will be tangible ][Then from there, if we have good weather, (we will be able to produce food)]5050VH1310. It is important to us that our land can give us enough to sustain us [...we will have agriculturebecause we have lands] [In fact we have enough land that will sustain us in food production]100VH1311. It is important to us that agricultural products are well processed and stored [Then if we produce food, we should process and store it. Right?]5050VW141.It is important that we have daily market252550VW142.It is important that we have our own source of water100VW143. It is important to us that erosion problems are controlled100 4.3 Situated shared values (Values Frameworks and envelopes plus Narratives) of village councilors in Nanka In order to make a case for authenticity and validity of the research, similar studies were conducted to obtain data from other sources apart from Ufuma. Hence, 2 other groups of councilors were investigated in another town called Nanka. The results of these other two groups are presented below with great insights into the impact of site-specific factors in the perception of ecosystem services by indigenes. The Village Councilors in Nanka who participated in this study were responsible for directing, organizing and leading the members of the community in different community initiatives. They are also charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order. They are elected by the community members to represent them and usually serve for 2- 4 year tenures. However, they can be re-elected. Nanka village suffers from a serious menace of gully erosions and there are a number of community initiatives and efforts aimed at controlling this. For example, every family compound is expected to construct local catchment pits for collection of run-off water. This is critical that at certain times of the year, especially before the start of the rainy season, an announcement is made for every family to clean out and open up clogged pits. The village usually mandates these groups of councilors to supervise this work and punish offenders. Hence, in the local parlance, the group is usually addressed by the locations of the catchment pits that they oversee. Additionally, Nanka has a source of spring water which is used by members of the community. The local authorities granted permission to a company to begin the production of bottled water. The company in turn employs members of the community and also carries out other corporate social responsibilities like road maintenance. This study was conducted with 2 groups of village councilors in Nanka - VC 10 and VC 11. 4.3.1 Village Councilors Group 10 (VC10) The village councilors in group 10 were basically men who had been chosen to represent their people in different matter. They produced a total of 13 values statements with diverse themes ranging from human rights, family, hard work, law and order, farming, volunteering, erosion control etc. The framework of values described how they wanted their community to be run and the tenets by which everyone was expected to abide. The cross-shaped framework was the product of an intense time of deliberations and discussions after which everyone was satisfied with the outcome. The visual display of the framework, statements and narratives are presented below.  Figure 22: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC 10 in Nanka 4.3.2 Village Councilors Group 11 (VC 11) Village councilor Group VC11 was similar in composition and characteristics to VC10. They had basically the same responsibilities as the former and were a sister community to VC10. The group produced a total of 9 statements reflecting themes like respect, physical fitness, hardwork, unity, generational value transfer, environmental maintenance etc. The diagram below is a display of the values framework showing the statements and narratives.  Figure 23: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Village Councilor Group VC 11 in Nanka 4.3.3 Ecosystem Analysis of Village Councilor groups in Nanka 4.3.3.1 Situatedness - As have been described in previous cases, the workshop produced several statements of shared values within which we find mentions of environmental values and ecosystem services. In fact, the group is even named after their environmental functions of ensuring the optimal functioning of the catchment pits. Of the 13 Values statements generated in VC 10, 6 had connections to ecosystem services while there was only one reference to ecosystem service in VC 11. The place of ecosystem services in the shared values framework of these groups is firmly established and confirmed by the linkage of the groups activities to these services. 4.3.3.2 Variation across these 2 groups VC 10 produced more connections to ecosystem services than VC 11. While VC 11 made reference only to the regulating-type ESS (8. It is of utmost importance to us to keep and maintain our environment), VC 10 made reference to provisioning-type ESS (5A. Rural farming is central to our survival as a community), regulating-type ESS (7A. We value erosion control work through volunteer activities) and cultural services-type ESS (8.It is important that we solve challenges in unity). In addition, VC 10 made reference to several different categories of cultural services while VC 11 produced none. Variation with village (cf Ufuma) While both Ufuma and Nanka communities are rural and agrarian, the results reveal that the village councilors in Nanka were able to generate more regulating services than the Ufuma councilors relatively. This could be attributed to the prevailing environmental situation. 4.3.3.4 Connection with Nanka context The production of regulating services linked with erosion control by the 2 groups (VC 10 and VC 11) further confirms that local contexts seriously affect the perception of ecosystem services by different stakeholders. The gully erosion situation in Nanka undoubtedly affects all members of the community and this was reflected in their value statements. Surprisingly, in spite of the perceived importance of the spring source as deduced from the discussions and post-workshop interviews, none of the groups directly referred to it in the values statements. This may need further research on which types of shared experiences are generated in a group shared pain (erosion control) or shared pleasure (spring source) and why it is so. 4.3.3.5 Variation with roles, including comparison with 4.1, 4.2 results The two village councilors in Nanka were similar to those in Ufuma in the types of values elicited. All ecosystem service types were represented. However, the Nanka groups did not produce CES categories of Spiritual, recreational, Aesthetics, Inspirational, Educational and Sense of Place. Furthermore, the 2 Nanka groups stressed the need for careful investigation of information and appropriate judgments probably due to their roles as enforcers of discipline. This is only found in VC 7 and VW 14 in the Ufuma groups. Table 7 shows the ecosystem services elicited in the 2 groups of Village councilors in Nanka TABLE 7: A summary of all the shared values statements produced by each of the 2 Village Councils of Nanka which contained references to ecosystem services, with the meaning contained coded as a proportion of any of the MEA ESS categories that seems applicable (Figures are rounded and presented as percentages). LABELSTATEMENTPRVRGLSPRRCRAESINSPEDUSOPCHCDIKSSRVC105. A. Rural farming is central to our survival as a community.40 202020VC10 B. We value farming but we require the necessary farm inputs.40202020VC10C. Mechanized farming is the future [For self sufficiency and food security].40202020VC107. A. We value erosion control work through volunteer activities. [always been the basis for our survival here as a community for thousands of years because erosion is a central issue here]502525VC10B. We value help from the rich towards uplifting the poor. [most of the erosion works we do here, we do by community effort because but yet, historically, right from the beginning of time, our people are good at the rich bringing out their resources to help the community. So thats why we say that we value erosion control through volunteer activities]252525VC108. It is important that we solve challenges in unity. [...That is why we have this CBO (community based organization) and we elect our leaders every 4 years so as to bind the community together in unity to solve common problems (like erosion control)]5050VC118. It is of utmost importance to us to keep and maintain our environment.100 4.4 Situated shared values (Values Frameworks and envelopes plus Narratives) of Secondary School Teachers in Nsukka and Ufuma In this section, the results of the study conducted with groups of teachers are explored. Investigation into the perception of ecosystem services by different groups with different functions is captured here. The results reveal interesting insights into the disparities between the values elicited in the village councilors and that elicited by teachers. The results suggest that the functions and purpose of a group play important roles in the perception of the ecosystem services in their locality. Nine groups of teachers were explored for this study in 2 sites Ufuma and Nsukka. While Ufuma is a village involved predominantly in farming, Nsukka is a town that plays host to a University and has a convergence of people from different cultural backgrounds. 6 groups of teachers (T1 T6) were studied in Nsukka while 3 groups (T7 T9) were explored in Ufuma. First, we present the results of 2 groups of teachers in Nsukka. Groups of Teachers in Nsukka 4.4.1 Teachers Group 4 (T4) The T4 teachers were a group of form teachers who were responsible for exercising oversight functions for students in their first year of senior secondary. The teachers responsibilities include ensuring attendance of students to school and classes by taking daily attendance records (once in the morning and once before dismissal), ensuring the neatness of the classes by supervising the creation of cleaning timetables for the class, ensuring the timely payment of school fees by the parents and wards of students and other functions as may be assigned by the school authorities. Although they are all subject teachers specialized in different subjects, their context of interaction was as form teachers. The T4 teachers participated in the WeValue workshop and produced a framework of values statements which were important and worthwhile to them. Their envelope of values comprised 8 value statements which were arranged linearly with 2 statements fixed in the middle to separate the upper values from the lower ones. They begin their narrative by referring to the values at the top (4 we feel we can create something better as a group than on our own) and (1 everyone respects boundaries in the team). This they consider as the first principles of their operations. The values in the middle are indications of how they want their relationships to be ordered without discrimination and with special considerations for the disadvantaged (2 regardless of differences, people should relate without discrimination, 5 members of the minority or disadvantaged social groups are valued). The final set of values is indicative of their ambitions and expectations (6 we are empowered to effect changes; 7 we value creativity among our students). The figure below presents a structural framework of the values statements and the narratives to give further context.  Figure 24: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T4 in Nsukka 4.4.2 Teachers Group T5 Teachers Group T5 had similar characteristics with the previous group described above. They were responsible for taking care of students in their second year of senior secondary education. They produced a total of 10 values statements arranged linearly. The statements included values on teamwork, training, meeting commitments, consciousness of the environment etc. A diagrammatic display of the values statement and the narratives is shown below.  Figure 25: A visual display of the values statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T5 in Nsukka 4.4.3 Visual Display of the Situated Shared Values of the remaining Groups of Teachers in Nsukka Similar workshops were carried out with 4 other groups of teachers in Nsukka. The results including the frameworks and narratives of these groups are presented below. 4.4.3.1 Teachers Group T1  Figure 26: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T1 in Nsukka 4.4.3.2 Teachers Group T2  Figure 27: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T2 in Nsukka 4.4.3.3 Teachers Group T3  Figure 28: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T3 in Nsukka 4.4.3.4 Teachers Group T6  Figure 29: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T6 in Nsukka 4.4.4 Groups of Teachers in Ufuma Groups T7 to T9 were teacher groups based in Ufuma. The schools were located in a more rural environment and were not as organized as the first group of teachers. However, they agree that their shared responsibilities include teaching and impartation of knowledge, evaluation and assessment of students performance, enforcement of discipline among others. They also agree that they work together in fulfilling these responsibilities. 4.4.4.1 Teachers Group T7 The T7 teachers were a group of different subject teachers in a secondary school. The results of the WeValue workshop carried out with this group produced a set of 9 values statements in their values envelope. They employed a bottom-up approach in delivering the narrative of their frameworks. They consider teamwork as a value of vital importance, hence the placement at the base. The other values in the framework are statements of their ways of operation (5we follow laid down rules and not cross boundaries), the qualities a teacher should possess (3hard work is valued). The framework ends with the desire to contribute to environmental integrity by helping in the prevention and control of erosion (Statement 7). The structural framework and narratives of T7 is presented below. Similar workshops were carried out with 2 other groups of teachers in Ufuma. The results including the frameworks and narratives of these groups are displayed further below.  Figure 30: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T7 in Ufuma 4.4.4.2 Teachers Group T8  Figure 31: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T8 in Ufuma 4.4.4.3 Teachers Group T9  Figure 32: A visual display of the Values Statements and Narratives of Secondary School Teachers Group T9 in Ufuma 4.4.5 Ecosystem Analysis of Groups of Secondary School Teachers (T1 T9) 4.4.5.1 Situatedness Among the 9 teachers groups studied, ecosystem services were only elicited in 5 groups (T2, T4, T5, T7 & T8). Ecosystem values were absent in 4 other groups (T1, T3, T6 & T9). In other words, shared values of ecosystem services were elicited from teachers groups in both Nsukka and Ufuma. Despite the absence of any form of nudging before the workshops, these teachers groups were able to generate values that were linked to ecosystem services. This is evidence that ecosystem services are central to other human values and should not be discussed or valuated separately. 4.4.5.2 Variation /not across these 2 groups The teachers groups in Nsukka produced regulating and cultural services only without any provisioning service. However, the Ufuma schools produced the complete MEA ESS types. None of the groups produced recreational and inspirational values in the cultural ecosystem service categories. In addition, the Nsukka schools did not generate any values related to spiritual (SPR), cultural heritage (CH), cultural diversity and Identity (CDI). However, the Ufuma schools produced all these but were lacking in values related to aesthetics (AES) and social relations (SR) both of which were elicited in the Nsukka groups. Variation with site It was observed that the teachers in both sites produced values that were aligned with their responsibilities. For example, almost all the groups had reference to teamwork except T2, T3 and T4. However, on a general scale, the groups in Ufuma generated all the MEA categories (Provisioning, regulating and cultural) in contrast to the groups in Nsukka which produced only regulating and cultural services. Connection with site ESS context As earlier noted, the production of a provisioning service with particular reference to farming (T8 - Farming is important to us) could be attributed to the socio-economic characteristics of the site since they are mostly farmers. 4.4.5.3 Variation with roles, including comparison with 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 results It is noteworthy the types of CES categories generated among the teachers in both sites. The elicitation of educational and knowledge system values in the cultural category from the 2 sites indicates that the impact of group roles may persist across sites despite differing environmental or cultural contexts. . Table 8: A summary of all the shared values statements produced by each of the 9 groups of teachers in Nsukka and Ufuma which contained references to ecosystem services, with the meaning contained coded as a proportion of any of the MEA ESS categories that seems applicable (Figures are rounded and presented as percentages). LABELSTATEMENTPRVRGLSPRRCRAESINSPEDUSOPCHCDIKSSRT1teachers and students dialogue and listen to each otherT2the work and learning environment are pleasant and harmonious [It's very important that the working condition should be very conducive for effective teaching and learning to take place,]5050T3teachers should encourage students to give their opinions for greater participation in classroomsT4we invest our time and resources in activities that benefit the environment [specifically, because of where our school block is located and the environmental challenge we are having as regards to that block]502525T5people should be conscious of their environment [Yes, we don't do something that is detrimental to the environment that we live. So, we try observe our environment]502525T5people invest their time and resources in activities that benefit the environment5050T5differences of opinions should be acknowledgedT6the opinions of others should be respected regardless of their age or backgroundT7people help to prevent and control erosion [.. and the rainy season at that, so people should look at ways to prevent it and if those erosion has already occurred, it is important that we know how to control it so that it will not escalate into something very disastrous]8020T82.we value freedom of opinionsT87.we invest in our homes (villages, places of origin)5050T88.farming is important to us (Teachers and Students) [yes, farming is very important, it can sustain everybody. You just cultivate, and if you cultivate, you can eat from it]40202020T89. we are able to discover natural environment [God created many things, let us discover it, we can discover some that will help us in life.]503020T9It is important to us that we take part in Decision-making Authenticity Table 9: Examples of statements made which indicated perceived authenticity of the shared values Statements and Frameworks produced from the WeValue InSitu process GrpTranscribed dialogueT3Facilitator: How do you feel about it? [POINTING TO THE FRAMEWORK ON THE TABLE] Just be sincere. Because this is your work. These are your words? Are these your words, ? Or my words? MV: they are our words. And, what we did today is only a reiteration of what we already know. MV: It's only a reminder.) Facilitator: it's a reminder MV: Reminds us of what we are able to do. It's like a refresher workshop to teach you, reminds you of what you already knew, not something really new. T4MV: They are our words. They are the words of the researcher but we take Facilitator: the words of the researcher? MV: These are our statements. Actually, we chose them [FROM THE TRIGGER LISTS ] based on things that pertained to us. Although we were given kind of a run down Facilitator: a trigger list? MV: yeah, so, from it, we chose those that are... Facilitator: So, you are comfortable, if we bring out these statements tomorrow and show to the principal (of the school): that this is what the form teachers of SS1 agree: are you comfortable with these things? [POINTING TO THE FRAMEWORK ON THE TABLE] FV: yes MV: of course Facilitator: You're very comfortable? MV: yes T5XX: That is our ideas. MV: that's our ideas. It's not yours, no! (inaudible) (laughter) Facilitator: So, they are yours. How do you feel about this? MV: Good; great. T6MV: No, there's nothing (missing), we just captured everything that we need to say. Facilitator: Okay, just sit down. I want to ask you a question. I want you to...how do you feel about this framework that you constructed? Are these really your words or are they my words? MV: these are our own words. Facilitator: These are your own words, right? MV: Yes, they are all our own. We picked everything, we wrote it down and we arranged it. We feel that what we are doing is been captured, it's been represented. This [POINTING TO THE FRAMEWORK ON THE TABLE] shows what we do and what we act. Facilitator: So, can we use this if there's a kind of assessment you do for teachers? Okay? For form teachers. Can we use this to assess your team? Do you feel confident that it can be related with your team? (Participants say yes) 4.6 Summing up The results of this study reveal that ecosystem services were clearly identified as situated within the framework of shared human values. These identified ecosystem services cut across the different divisions of ecosystem services as presented by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) framework. Furthermore, all the ecosystem services identified were effectively captured by this framework and there were no new categories identified. In addition to this, the study reveals that a recurring attribute of the ecosystem services identified in these studies is that they were mostly Hybrid values. In other words, most of the ecosystem services were either mixtures of provisioning/regulating and cultural services or even contained 2 or more dimensions of the cultural categories. For example, the statement in VC10.7: We value erosion control work through volunteer activities. [always been the basis for our survival here as a community for thousands of years because erosion is a central issue here] (The square brackets [ ] shows wording provided in the Narrative and are inserted to supplement the shorter statement). This statement clearly portrays a value for the regulating service of erosion control but also has a deep-seated appreciation for the place of social relations (a cultural category) in the fulfillment of this function. A majority of the ecosystem services identified in this study fell into the hybrid category while a fewer number retained their pure status. CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION 5.0 Overview In this study, the focus was to produce evidence of situated expressions of ecosystem services within the general shared values of different groups. In conducting this research, it was necessary to develop and utilize an unbiased approach that elicits and captures the shared values of ecosystems services at the group level. Furthermore, the classification system of the millennium ecosystem assessment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781610914840","container-title":"Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-235","publisher":"Island Press","title":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9dfc4c26-7963-4f2e-84b7-7969f6a23047"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1] was adopted to examine the categories of ecosystem services valued by the groups. The authenticity of the data obtained from the process was validated using two focus group sessions. In this chapter, the implications of the results are discussed with particular insights into contributions to integrated valuation studies, classification frameworks, group roles, contexts and other conversations in ecosystem services research. 5.1 Determining Values Shared at the Group Level The work here has successfully shown that it can produce clear statements of group values values held at the group level. Previous leading researchers have emphasized the need to examine values about ESS at a group level, rather than by individuals ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.006","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Valuation that focuses only on individual values evades the substantial collective and intersubjective meanings, significance and value from ecosystems. Shared, plural and cultural values of ecosystems constitute a diffuse and interdisciplinary field of research, covering an area that links questions around value ontology, elicitation and aggregation with questions of participation, ethics, and social justice. Synthesising understanding from various contributions to this Special Issue of Ecosystem Services, and with a particular focus on deliberation and deliberative valuation, we discuss key findings and present 35 future research questions in eight topic areas: 1) the ontology of shared values; 2) the role of catalyst and conflict points; 3) shared values and cultural ecosystem services; 4) transcendental values; 5) the process and outcomes of deliberation; 6) deliberative monetary valuation; 7) value aggregation, meta-values and rules of the game; and 8) integrating valuation methods. The results of this Special Issue and these key questions can help develop a more extensive evidence base to mature the area and develop environmental valuation into a more pluralistic, comprehensive, robust, legitimate and effective way of safeguarding ecosystems and their services for the future.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raymond","given":"Christopher M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tett","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"note":"A Clear Definition of values\nShared values and deliberative valuation: Future directions\nJasper O. Kentera,N , Rosalind Bryceb, Michael Christiec, Nigel Cooperd,m, Neal Hockleye, Katherine N. Irvinef, Ioan Fazeyg, Liz O Brienh, Johanne Orchard-Webbi, Neil Ravenscrofti, Christopher M. Raymondj, Mark S. Reedk, Paul Tetta, Verity Watsonl\na Laurence Mee Centre for Society and the Sea, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, UK b Perth College, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Perth, UK c Aberystwyth Business School, Aberystwyth University, UK d Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK e School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, UK f Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK g Centre for Environmental Change and Human Resilience, University of Dundee, UK h","page":"358-371","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Shared values and deliberative valuation: Future directions","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7844ac49-662e-4b1c-b3bc-e2ed86386aec"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cosust.2018.11.003","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Relational valuesas preferences, principles and virtues about human-nature relationshipshave attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. The term has been used to include concepts and knowledge from a wide range of social sciences and humanities, e.g., importantly making space for qualitative approaches often neglected within environmental management and science. Meanwhile, crucial questions have emerged. What counts as a relational value, and what does not? How do relational values (RVs) compare with other value categories and terms, including held, assigned, instrumental, moral, shared, social, and non-material values (e.g., associated with cultural ecosystem services)? In this article, we address these issues, partly by providing context about how the RV term originated and how it has evolved to date. Most importantly, because of their somewhat unique combination of groundedness and moral relevance, positive relational values may offer important opportunities for the evolution of values that may be necessary for transformative change towards sustainability. The special issue includes contributions that contemplate particular concepts (e.g., care, stewardship, eudaimoniahuman flourishing), applications (e.g., environmental assessment, environmental policy design), and the history of relevant scholarship in various intellectual traditions (e.g., ecological economics, human ecology, environmental education). Together with this suite of thought-provoking papers, we hope that the clarification we provide here facilitates a broad and productive interdisciplinary exchange to create and refine a reflective but powerful tool for sustainability and justice.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai MA","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gould","given":"Rachelle K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pascual","given":"Unai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"A1-A7","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Editorial overview: Relational values: what are they, and what's the fuss about?","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74b4f868-4890-4110-8398-d36e2d0f47ea"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34,152,203]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34,152,203]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34,152,203]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34,152,203]. The reasoning was that such types of values are naturally occurring and held at the group level, not individual. The shared values of different groups were thus the centre of exploration in this study. The methods for eliciting these shared values vary among researchers. However, the method used in this study involved the use of trigger lists and photos for the elicitation and crystallization of the values. The final product envelopes of group values (as illustrated in Figs 11, 12, 13 etc) clearly provide evidence that the groups do indeed have shared values that occur as a group. These sets of values include many types of human values, (for example concerning prosperity, family life, morals) and that they also include ESS considerations. In summary, groups are found here to hold group-level values, and the WeValue InSitu crystallization process is confirmed to be effective in generating articulations of general sets of group values ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[27]. The validity of considering ESS values as being held at the group level can be seen confirmed in the results here: the frequent reference to the provisioning service of farming by most of the groups in Ufuma suggests that it is a transcendental value which is firmly rooted in the culture of the community. This can be separately confirmed in anecdotal information such as by the connection of the title of their king to this all-important value (the title means effective grower of yams). In a similar fashion, the various values elicited in different groups clearly fall within the framework of value types advocated in earlier studies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.01.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Social valuation of ecosystem services and public policy alternatives is one of the greatest challenges facing ecological economists today. Frameworks for valuing nature increasingly include shared/social values as a distinct category of values. However, the nature of shared/social values, as well as their relationship to other values, has not yet been clearly established and empirical evidence about the importance of shared/social values for valuation of ecosystem services is lacking. To help address these theoretical and empirical limitations, this paper outlines a framework of shared/social values across five dimensions: value concept, provider, intention, scale, and elicitation process. Along these dimensions we identify seven main, non-mutually exclusive types of shared values: transcendental, cultural/societal, communal, group, deliberated and other-regarding values, and value to society. Using a case study of a recent controversial policy on forest ownership in England, we conceptualise the dynamic interplay between shared/social and individual values. The way in which social value is assessed in neoclassical economics is discussed and critiqued, followed by consideration of the relation between shared/social values and Total Economic Value, and a review of deliberative and non-monetary methods for assessing shared/social values. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of shared/social values for decision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"O'Brien","given":"Liz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hockley","given":"Neal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ravenscroft","given":"Neil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Irvine","given":"Katherine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reed","given":"Mark S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brady","given":"Emily","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryce","given":"Rosalind","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Church","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooper","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davies","given":"Althea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evely","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Everard","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fish","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Janet A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jobstvogt","given":"Niels","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Molloy","given":"Claire","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orchard-Webb","given":"Johanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ranger","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryan","given":"Mandy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Watson","given":"Verity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"86-99","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"What are shared and social values of ecosystems?","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77b3d7f1-d792-4f26-9232-6392194ced37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[34]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[34]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[34]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[34]. 5.2 Insights Concerning Classifications of ESS Values The data shows that every group has its own unique group-level values. The uniqueness of the different groups is in terms of having customized statements of shared human values unique to each group. This uniqueness persists despite the groups coming from the same town and playing the same roles. This supports the reports of several studies that the shared values of groups are context-dependent and culturally constructed ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"1111111111","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Value orientations used to explain or justify conservation have been rooted in arguments about how much and in what context to emphasize the intrinsic versus instrumental value of nature. Equally prominent are characterizations of beliefs known as the New Ecological Par- adigm (NEP), often used to help explain pro-environmental behaviour. A recent alternative to these positions has been identified as relational valuebroadly, values linking people and ecosystems via tangible and intangible relationships to nature as well as the principles, virtues and notions of a good life that may accompany these. This paper examines whether relational values are distinct from other value orientation and have potential to alleviate the intrinsic-instrumental debate. To test this possibility, we sought to operationalize the con- structrelational valuesby developing six relational statements. We ask: 1) Do the indi- vidual statements used to characterize relational values demonstrate internal coherence as either a single or multi-dimensional construct? 2) Do relational value statements (including those strongly stated) resonate with diverse populations? 3) Do people respond to relational value statements in a consistently different way than NEP scale statements? 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We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. 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There were also statements of human values that were seen across almost all the groups (except some few teachers groups). This may be an indication that there are values that are universally important to groups despite differing functions. For example, the provisioning service of food was a theme that was found to be recurring across groups and contexts. This provides further evidence that Ecosystem services are valued by the majority of people. In this study, the results showed that provisioning and regulating services occurred at a higher frequency among the ESS categories in the different groups. However, a careful observation also reveals that around half of the ESS values elicited were cultural ESS values. This is indicative of the level of importance attached to cultural ecosystem services by people in relation to other values of what is most important to them. This further suggests that cultural ecosystem services deserve to be given more attention in valuation studies of ecosystem services. In addition, this shows the relative importance of cultural to provisioning/regulating ESSs a result that has not been readily addressed in previous studies of value The validity of the range of MEA categories produced in this study is further supported by the fact that almost the full range of MEA cultural subcategories was elicited. Most of the statements produced in the groups could not fit solely into a single category of CES suggesting that the item validity may need to be checked with the availability of more data. The data from this study did not generate any new category or classification of CES. Instead, we observed that several of the shared values statements were captured in both the cultural and non-cultural categories of the MEA framework. 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This separation is reflective of the ontological roots of the ESS valuation mechanisms which are deeply embedded in market-based economics and which greatly limits the ability to effectively understand cultural value ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.002","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The goal of this paper is to illuminate the debate concerning the economics of ecosystem services. The sustainability debate focuses on whether or not ecosystem services are essential for human welfare and the existence of ecological thresholds. If ecosystem services are essential, then marginal analysis and monetary valuation are inappropriate tools in the vicinity of thresholds. The justice debate focuses on who is entitled to ecosystem services and the ecosystem structure that generates them. Answers to these questions have profound implications for the choice of suitable economic institutions. The efficiency debate concerns both the goals of economic activity and the mechanisms best suited to achieve those goals. Conventional economists pursue Pareto efficiency and the maximization of monetary value, achieved by integrating ecosystem services into the market framework. Ecological economists and many others pursue the less rigorously defined goal of achieving the highest possible quality of life compatible with the conservation of resilient, healthy ecosystems, achieved by adapting economic institutions to the physical characteristics of ecosystem services. 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This is a contested issue both in the scientific literature and in policy deliberations. The aim of this paper is to analytically clarify and distinguish between different purposes and degrees of commodification and to focus attention to the safeguards: the detailed institutional design. We identify six degrees of commodification and find that all ecosystem services policies are associated with some degree of commodification but only the two highest degrees can properly be associated with neoliberalisation of nature. For example, most payments for ecosystem services (PES) are subsidy-like government compensations not based on monetary valuation of nature. Biodiversity offsets can be designed as market schemes or non-market regulations; the cost-effectiveness of markets cannot be assumed. 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This provides flexibility and options for policy integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in different countries according to their political and cultural context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hahn","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McDermott","given":"Constance","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ituarte-Lima","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schultz","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Green","given":"Tom","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuvendal","given":"Magnus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October 2010","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"74-82","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Purposes and degrees of commodification: Economic instruments for biodiversity and ecosystem services need not rely on markets or monetary valuation","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=114b9227-1e37-4d4a-b2b7-722d8bf542fe"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[16]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[16]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[16]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[16]) (like the value of housewives catering for their children etc). 5.3 Who Is Appropriate To Be Engaged To Contribute ESS Values Information? The data shows that many different types of groups including teachers, councilors, youth and women were able to generate shared values statements that dealt with ecosystem services. This is pertinent in addressing the questions in certain literature of who should be asked and whose value included in ESS valuations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.03.005","ISSN":"09593780","abstract":"Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ecosystem service science has made much progress in framing core concepts and approaches, but there is still debate around the notion of cultural services, and a growing consensus that ecosystem use and ecosystem service use should be clearly differentiated. Part of the debate resides in the fact that the most significant sources of conflict around natural resource management arise from the multiple managements (uses) of ecosystems, rather than from the multiple uses of ecosystem services. If the ecosystem approach or the ecosystem service paradigm are to be implemented at national levels, there is an urgent need to disentangle what are often semantic issues, revise the notion of cultural services, and more broadly, practically define the less tangible ecosystem services on which we depend. This is a critical step to identifying suitable ways to manage trade-offs and promote adaptive management. Here we briefly review the problems associated with defining and quantifying cultural ecosystem services and suggest there could be merit in discarding this term for the simpler non-material ecosystem services. We also discuss the challenges in valuing the invaluable, and suggest that if we are to keep ecosystem service definition focused on the beneficiary, we need to further classify these challenging services, for example by differentiating services to individuals from services to communities. Also, we suggest that focussing on ecosystem service change rather than simply service delivery, and identifying common boundaries relevant for both people and ecosystems, would help meet some of these challenges.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Small","given":"N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Munday","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Durance","given":"I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"57-67","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The challenge of valuing ecosystem services that have no material benefits","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e418664b-52a2-4b41-ae63-61adc1b97ce3"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12187-260207","abstract":"We propose an alternative methodology for engaging with multifaceted cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the Global South. We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. These workshops demonstrated how dialogue can elucidate local values for CES, while strengthening support across stakeholders for improved conservation actions. We propose that this methodology is applicable in various contexts for improved CES assessment across diverse stakeholders. Key","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Karen E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Castellano","given":"Celia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pessagno","given":"Sophia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Using dialogue to contextualize culture, ecosystem services, and cultural ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=603061a4-88b8-4b14-b635-e089ad483d70"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[64,65]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[64,65]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[64,65]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[64,65] ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Ecosystem service approaches have become a prominent basis for planning and management. Cultural services and non-use values are included in all major typologies and present some of the most compelling reasons for conserving ecosystems, though many barriers exist to their explicit characterization. The values that conform least well to economic assumptions-variously lumped together with/as cultural services-have proven elusive in part because valuation is complicated by the properties of intangibility and incommensurability, which has in turn led to their exclusion from economic valuation. We argue that the effectiveness of the ecosystem services framework in decision-making is thwarted by (i) conflation of services, values, and benefits, and (ii) failure to appropriately treat diverse kinds of values. We address this challenge by (1) distinguishing eight dimensions of values, which have implications for appropriate valuation and decision-making; (2) demonstrating the interconnected nature of benefits and services, and so the ubiquity of intangible values; (3) discussing the implications of these propositions for ecosystem-services research; and (4) outlining briefly a research agenda to enable decision-making that is ecologically appropriate and socially just. Because many ecosystem services (co-)produce 'cultural' benefits, full characterization of services must address non-material values through methods from diverse social sciences. 2011 Elsevier B.V..","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goldstein","given":"Joshua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"8-18","title":"Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values","type":"article-journal","volume":"74"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5847a45c-fbdb-47c9-b1cd-2edb8656695f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[75]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[75]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[75]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[75]. Some works have also advocated for the inclusion of local and indigenous knowledge in ecological studies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cameron","given":"Muir","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rose","given":"Deborah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Phillip","given":"Sullivan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"259-265","title":"From the other side of the knowledge frontier : Indigenous knowledge , social ecological relationships and new perspectives","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=56e03be5-90cb-4f2d-afac-9b14389c748f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[204]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[204]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[204]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[204]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10745-016-9811-3","abstract":"Detecting ecological change is a critical first step in the process of local-level adaptation, yet few studies have ex- plored the factors that predict knowledge acquisition following catastrophic events. This article empirically assesses individual variation in the ability ofSolomon Islanders to detect ecological change following the alteration of local, shallow-water, marine environments by a major tsunami. We compare the results of marine science surveys with local ecological knowledge of the benthos. We also examine multiple socioeconomic variables, and employ social network analysis to measure the influence ofsocial and expert networks. Results show that villagers with salaried work who are at the intersection of local and global knowledge were the most adept at detecting tsunami-induced changes to benthic surfaces. Social networks had no statistically significant influence on villagers abilities to detect change. We argue that these results counter common conceptualizations of indigenous knowledge that emphasize its normative, shared, inter-generationally transmitted characteristics rather than its heterogeneity, emergence, and practical application. Our find- ings have implications for theory about the foundations of in- digenous knowledge research and the design ofdisaster mitiga- tion efforts or resource management programs that incorporate indigenous ecological knowledge.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matera","given":"Jaime","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Human Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"33 -46","title":"Who Detects Ecological Change After Catastrophic Events ? Indigenous Knowledge , Social Networks , and Situated Practices","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7c754dc5-fecf-4fd7-bc6b-7e54aa18a564"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reid","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rout","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"283-294","title":"Series : Environmental Insights and Sustainable Guardianship Can Sustainability Auditing Be Indigenized ?","type":"article-journal","volume":"35"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f844aa2e-6203-43da-b083-065de6c3c036"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[107,205]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[107,205]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[107,205]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[107,205]. The usual practice had been to involve environmental and developmental experts in such valuations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.015","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"Despite significant advances in the development of the ecosystem services concept across the science and policy arenas, the valuation of ecosystem services to guide sustainable development remains challenging, especially at a local scale and in data scarce regions. In this paper, we review and compare major past and current valuation approaches and discuss their key strengths and weaknesses for guiding policy decisions. To deal with the complexity of methods used in different valuation approaches, our review uses multiple entry points: data vs simulation, habitat vs system vs place-based, specific vs entire portfolio, local vs regional scale, and monetary vs non-monetary. We find that although most valuation approaches are useful to explain ecosystem services at a macro/system level, an application of locally relevant valuation approaches, which allows for a more integrated valuation relevant to decision making is still hindered by data-scarcity. The advent of spatially explicit policy support systems shows particular promise to make the best use of available data and simulations. Data collection remains crucial for the local scale and in data scarce regions. Leveraging citizen science-based data and knowledge co-generation may support the integrated valuation, while at the same time making the valuation process more inclusive, replicable and policy-oriented.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pandeya","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buytaert","given":"W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zulkafli","given":"Z.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karpouzoglou","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mao","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hannah","given":"D. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"250-259","title":"A comparative analysis of ecosystem services valuation approaches for application at the local scale and in data scarce regions","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=04c51e4d-9dd6-46c5-bc90-6dcc87d695ef"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10640-017-0119-6","ISSN":"15731502","abstract":"Valuing global public goods like the Amazon rainforest by stated preference surveys of a representative sample of the global population would be very costly and time consuming. We explore the use of the Delphi Method in contingent valuation (CV) by asking a panel of 49 European environmental valuation experts in two rounds what they think would be the result if a European CV survey of Amazon Rainforest protection plans was conducted. The experts best guess for the mean willingness-to-pay (WTP) by European households for preserving the current Amazon Rainforest, and thus avoiding a predicted loss in forest area by 2050 from currently 85% to 60% of the original forest in the 1970s, was 28 per household annually as an additional income tax. Aggregated over all European households this amounts to about 8.4 billion annually. This preliminary estimate indicate that WTP of distant beneficiaries is substantial, and could justify preservation of global ecosystem services where aggregated benefits of the local population often do not exceed the opportunity costs of preservation in terms of lost income from commercial activities. The income elasticity of WTP with respect to per-capita income in the European countries is 0.50.6. Recognizing the limitations and assumptions of the Delphi CV method, it could still be a time saving and cost-effective benefit transfer tool for providing international donors with much needed order-of-magnitude estimates of the non-use value of ecosystem services of global significance.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Navrud","given":"Stle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Strand","given":"Jon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental and Resource Economics","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"249-269","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","title":"Valuing Global Ecosystem Services: What Do European Experts Say? Applying the Delphi Method to Contingent Valuation of the Amazon Rainforest","type":"article-journal","volume":"70"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7ea00795-4d46-4565-845b-02d2af9b1067"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[206,207]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[206,207]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[206,207]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[206,207]and accept their opinions at the expense of the opinions of the local people who were frequently thought not to have sufficiently adequate responses to expert questions. This has been debated and calls for the integration of local knowledge are now gaining momentum. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12253-260224","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are heralded as an approach that communicates across disciplines and between researchers and resource managers, encouraging more environmentally sustainable human behavior. However, most studies presuppose that values are ontologically distinct from ecosystem services without examining what this framing enables and occludes about human and other- than-human relations. Through a reflexive research approach, we conduct a conventional photo elicitation ES survey among four groups in Moorea, French Polynesia, while also eliciting respondents evaluations of the survey method, and documenting the method in action as participants interacted with it. Photo elicitation results suggest that fishers valued the subsistence fishery while scientists favored habitats, yet all stakeholders were concerned about the role of economic activities in contributing to environmental degradation. Yet, survey participants had difficulties with interpreting the photos of ecosystem services as intended, an indication that the ES framework commits to a nature-culture dualism and displaces other ways of ordering human and other-than-human relations, particularly those present throughout the Global South. We argue that ecosystem services research is best treated as a situated practice where researcher and research participants jointly produce intended and unintended results and outcomes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Chelsea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Ecosystems services research in action : reflexively valuing environments in the South Pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ac07ac9b-f74b-43c0-b2a2-ce89984735fb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[151]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[151]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[151]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[151]describe it as making ecological knowledge to be locally accountable by having attachments to and being valid for the local people. Admittedly, there have been attempts at involving non-expert local people in the valuation processes. This is coupled with engaging with local participants using more participatory methods and the use of several tools to overcome barriers in communication. Nevertheless, there persists certain challenges. For example, a study on the use of photo-elicitation revealed inherent difficulties: the conceptual interpretations of the pictures given by the local people was different from that intended by the researchers ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12253-260224","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are heralded as an approach that communicates across disciplines and between researchers and resource managers, encouraging more environmentally sustainable human behavior. However, most studies presuppose that values are ontologically distinct from ecosystem services without examining what this framing enables and occludes about human and other- than-human relations. Through a reflexive research approach, we conduct a conventional photo elicitation ES survey among four groups in Moorea, French Polynesia, while also eliciting respondents evaluations of the survey method, and documenting the method in action as participants interacted with it. Photo elicitation results suggest that fishers valued the subsistence fishery while scientists favored habitats, yet all stakeholders were concerned about the role of economic activities in contributing to environmental degradation. Yet, survey participants had difficulties with interpreting the photos of ecosystem services as intended, an indication that the ES framework commits to a nature-culture dualism and displaces other ways of ordering human and other-than-human relations, particularly those present throughout the Global South. We argue that ecosystem services research is best treated as a situated practice where researcher and research participants jointly produce intended and unintended results and outcomes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Chelsea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Ecosystems services research in action : reflexively valuing environments in the South Pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ac07ac9b-f74b-43c0-b2a2-ce89984735fb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[151]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[151]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[151]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[151] thereby raising questions of face validity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.022","ISSN":"10958630","PMID":"24681651","abstract":"There have been recent calls for a shift to an evidence-based paradigm in environmental management, grounded in systematic monitoring and evaluation, but achieving this will be complex and difficult. Evaluating the educational components of environmental initiatives presents particular challenges, because these programs often have multiple concurrent goals and may value 'human outcomes', such as value change, which are intangible and difficult to quantify. This paper describes a fresh approach based on co-creating an entirely new values-based assessment framework with expert practitioners worldwide. We first discuss the development of a generic framework of 'Proto-Indicators' (reference criteria constituting prototypes for measurable indicators), and then demonstrate its application within a reforestation project in Mexico where indicators and assessment tools were localized to enhance context-relevance. Rigorously derived using unitary validity, with an emphasis on relevance, practicability and logical consistency from user perspectives, this framework represents a step-wise advance in the evaluation of non-formal EE/ESD programs. This article also highlights three important principles with broader implications for evaluation, valuation and assessment processes within environmental management: namely peer-elicitation, localizability, and an explicit focus on ethical values. We discuss these principles in relation to the development of sustainability indicators at local and global levels, especially in relation to post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. 2014 The Authors.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"120-134","title":"Reconceptualizing 'effectiveness' in environmental projects: Can we measure values-related achievements?","type":"article-journal","volume":"139"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=adcc1116-a3d7-4c8b-92a5-02103f719749"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[208]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[208]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[208]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[208]. The method used in this study for eliciting the shared values of the groups exhibit no difficulty or problems when a range of local non-ESS-experts are involved in the study. The participants (teachers, health workers, women and youth) acknowledge that the shared value statements produced during the process represent their authentic shared values as is shown in Table 9. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[27] suggests that this depth of engagement could be attributed to shared experiences and relevance of the topic being discussed. Earlier works by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5751/ES-05250-170433","ISSN":"17083087","abstract":"Intercultural education seeks to create a forum for integrating Western scientific knowledge and indigenous knowledge to address local and global challenges such as biocultural diversity conservation, natural resource management, and social justice for indigenous peoples. Intercultural education is based on learning together with, rather than learning about or from, indigenous communities. In the best examples, problem-based learning dissolves the dichotomy between indigenous and nonindigenous, resulting in full partnerships in which participants share expertise to meet mutual needs. With reference to literature and two illustrative examples of intercultural education initiatives in Mexico and Tanzania, we present an original conceptual framework for assessing indigenous participation in intercultural education. This incorporates a new ladder of participation depth (in relation to both curriculum content and decision making) alongside separate considerations of breadth, i.e., stakeholder diversity, and scope, i.e., the number of key project stages in which certain stakeholder groups are participating. The framework can be used to compare intercultural education initiatives in differing contexts and might be adaptable to other intercultural work. 2012 by the author(s).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kissmann","given":"Susanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rosado-May","given":"Francisco J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alvarado Dzul","given":"Santos H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Indigenous participation in intercultural education: Learning from Mexico and Tanzania","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f4e1221-e148-40aa-93e3-d9cee5a1930f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[209]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[209]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[209]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[209]and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1162/DESI","abstract":"In this paper we present a way of thinking which clarifies concepts of participation across not only diverse design areas but across other disciplines, allowing clearer comparisons and cross-referencing. It should facilitate more productive building of a knowledge base around participation concepts. We suggest that Design is the best field to lead on this.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Design Issues","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"41-58","title":"What Is Participation? Design Leads the Way to a Cross-Disciplinary Framework","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da25a059-8da5-4aa8-bdc1-652c900a72d1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[210]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[210]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[210]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[210] rate the WeValue approach highly in being able to foster participation and produce outputs reflective of the local values. The prospect of being able to choose any type of group of local participants rather than experts in valuation of ESS is innovative and holds a huge potential in ESS practice because it provides the platform for a more accountable and authentic framework of shared values including ESS values within a wider envelope. Additionally, since the final output from the process is a set of carefully articulated statements produced through a tacit-to-explicit translation, this process could be considered to facilitate the fusion of local and global knowledge ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10745-016-9811-3","abstract":"Detecting ecological change is a critical first step in the process of local-level adaptation, yet few studies have ex- plored the factors that predict knowledge acquisition following catastrophic events. This article empirically assesses individual variation in the ability ofSolomon Islanders to detect ecological change following the alteration of local, shallow-water, marine environments by a major tsunami. We compare the results of marine science surveys with local ecological knowledge of the benthos. We also examine multiple socioeconomic variables, and employ social network analysis to measure the influence ofsocial and expert networks. Results show that villagers with salaried work who are at the intersection of local and global knowledge were the most adept at detecting tsunami-induced changes to benthic surfaces. Social networks had no statistically significant influence on villagers abilities to detect change. We argue that these results counter common conceptualizations of indigenous knowledge that emphasize its normative, shared, inter-generationally transmitted characteristics rather than its heterogeneity, emergence, and practical application. Our find- ings have implications for theory about the foundations of in- digenous knowledge research and the design ofdisaster mitiga- tion efforts or resource management programs that incorporate indigenous ecological knowledge.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matera","given":"Jaime","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Human Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"33 -46","title":"Who Detects Ecological Change After Catastrophic Events ? Indigenous Knowledge , Social Networks , and Situated Practices","type":"article-journal","volume":"44"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7c754dc5-fecf-4fd7-bc6b-7e54aa18a564"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[107]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[107]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[107]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[107]. The statements produced from these workshops can be made more concise if there exists more workshop time. This would add to the possibility of using these statements as indicators in decision-making for ESS valuations as has already been done for sustainable land useADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26]; environmental management ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.022","ISSN":"10958630","PMID":"24681651","abstract":"There have been recent calls for a shift to an evidence-based paradigm in environmental management, grounded in systematic monitoring and evaluation, but achieving this will be complex and difficult. Evaluating the educational components of environmental initiatives presents particular challenges, because these programs often have multiple concurrent goals and may value 'human outcomes', such as value change, which are intangible and difficult to quantify. This paper describes a fresh approach based on co-creating an entirely new values-based assessment framework with expert practitioners worldwide. We first discuss the development of a generic framework of 'Proto-Indicators' (reference criteria constituting prototypes for measurable indicators), and then demonstrate its application within a reforestation project in Mexico where indicators and assessment tools were localized to enhance context-relevance. Rigorously derived using unitary validity, with an emphasis on relevance, practicability and logical consistency from user perspectives, this framework represents a step-wise advance in the evaluation of non-formal EE/ESD programs. This article also highlights three important principles with broader implications for evaluation, valuation and assessment processes within environmental management: namely peer-elicitation, localizability, and an explicit focus on ethical values. We discuss these principles in relation to the development of sustainability indicators at local and global levels, especially in relation to post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. 2014 The Authors.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"120-134","title":"Reconceptualizing 'effectiveness' in environmental projects: Can we measure values-related achievements?","type":"article-journal","volume":"139"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=adcc1116-a3d7-4c8b-92a5-02103f719749"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[208]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[208]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[208]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[208]; environmental education ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3390/su5073035","ISSN":"20711050","abstract":"This paper argues that the need for a core \"fourth pillar\" of sustainability/sustainable development, as demanded in multiple arenas, can no longer be ignored on the grounds of intangibility. Different approaches to this vital but missing pillar (cultural-aesthetic, religious-spiritual, and political-institutional) find common ground in the area of ethical values. While values and aspects based on them are widely assumed to be intangible and immeasurable, we illustrate that it is possible to operationalize them in terms of measurable indicators when they are intersubjectively conceptualized within clearly defined practical contexts. The processes require contextual localization of items, which can nonetheless fit into a generalizable framework. This allows useful measurements to be made, and removes barriers to studying, tracking, comparing, evaluating and correlating values-related dimensions of sustainability. It is advocated that those involved in operationalizing sustainability (especially in the context of creating post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals), should explore the potential for developing indicators to capture some of its less tangible aspects, especially those concerned with ethical values. 2013 by the authors.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Velasco","given":"Ismael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Janoukov","given":"Svatava","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jimenez","given":"Alicia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Piggot","given":"Georgia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"3035-3059","title":"Bringing the \"Missing Pillar\" into sustainable development goals: Towards intersubjective values-based indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1265449a-eb76-447a-9a4e-8fed3650ccda"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[181]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[181]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[181]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[181]; and for local-national indices ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.034","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Ethical values such as trust, compassion and equality are core to the way many pro-environmental organizations function, whether or not they claim these are key to their success. Mainstream sustainability indicators do not, however, explicitly acknowledge this values dimension. In this paper we describe a replicable approach that has successfully been used to develop values-based indicators and assessment tools within an emancipatory research paradigm, in an EU-funded project characterized by close partnership between civil society organizations (CSOs) and university-based research groups. We outline the methodology used to develop values-based indicators, and then demonstrate how the resulting indicators were used systematically to evaluate a national program of youth leadership within a large Mexican civil society organization promoting reforestation. We reflect on this illustrative example in relation to wider conversations about values and sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Podger","given":"Dimity","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoover","given":"Elona","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burford","given":"Gemma","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hak","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"225-238","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Revealing values in a complex environmental program: a scaling up of values-based indicators","type":"article-journal","volume":"134"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c371595c-5418-4e06-93ac-98d91dac9562"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[191]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[191]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[191]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[191]. 5.4 Impact of Group Roles and Ecosystem Context The effect of group roles on the value types and dimensions produced with our methodology was also considered in this study. There was clear evidence of variation in the types of values elicited across the groups. For example, a careful observation of the cultural services elicited across the groups reveal that the teachers produced more values related to education in contrast to the councilors who had more values related to cultural heritage, identity and social relations. This can be attributed to the different roles played by different groups. While this is evidence of the fact that shared values are bespoke statements tailored for specific groups, there is also a need to critically appraise the source of these variations. It is also shown in the study that the contexts of the existent ecosystems also played some roles in the services that were emphasized. This is further emphasized in the results obtained from the teachers in Nsukka and Ufuma. At least one group of teachers in Ufuma mentioned their value for farming activities while this was not mentioned at all among the teachers groups in Nsukka. Ufuma being a more rural community where a greater population of the locals engages in subsistence agriculture may be a useful explanation for this. As a result, even when a study is carried out with similar groups or similar group characteristics in different locations, there is always the possibility that different ecosystem services would be emphasized. 5.5 Work Towards Situated, Integrated, Translated, Authentic Values Situated ecosystem service values was the main objective of this research, and therefore a major contribution of this study is the production of situated ecosystem service values that is ESS values that occur and are embedded within the envelope of other shared values held by the group. Such values are more clearly understood only within the context of the other shared values where it occurs. This corresponds to calls for ESS valuations to become situated practices that produce situated knowledge ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01135.x","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aswani","given":"S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"317-329","title":"Indigenous Ecological Knowledge as Situated","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b5ac7f44-59f8-47a2-b131-f2513fe9e76d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[116]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[116]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[116]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[116]. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schnegg","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rieprich","given":"Robin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Prpper","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"title":"Culture , Nature , and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services in Northern","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c08866c4-8785-4741-8f7d-bf5d525fbb8c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[211]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[211]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[211]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[211] proposed that certain landscape units be linked to specific ecosystem services a cultural model which tried to measure landscape values of certain populations. This contrasts with the approach used in this study. Here, we have employed a wider platform for exploration of values; one which is devoid of any form of geographical, landscape or thematic restrictions. The group decides its own contexts at the beginning of the process and every other activity is aligned to it. Essentially, the WeValue InSitu process assists a community of practice to identify, and articulate what is valuable, meaningful and worthwhile to them. The process is inherently designed to ensure a situated and integrated exercise that allows participants to point out and work out meanings around their shared practice. The ensuing articulations are developed InSitu and without external bias.  Figure 33: Values envelopes of various groups, indicating the situatedness of ESS and which were purely ESS, NON-ESS and HYBRIDS Unlike some other deliberative methods that modifies the existing social constructs of ESS values as reported by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.001","ISSN":"0959-3780","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kenter","given":"Jasper O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hyde","given":"Tony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christie","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fazey","given":"Ioan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"505-521","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries Evidence from the Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0a1fb732-1fcd-4b65-bafd-ba955885f23c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[129]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[129]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[129]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[129] and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12187-260207","abstract":"We propose an alternative methodology for engaging with multifaceted cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the Global South. We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. These workshops demonstrated how dialogue can elucidate local values for CES, while strengthening support across stakeholders for improved conservation actions. We propose that this methodology is applicable in various contexts for improved CES assessment across diverse stakeholders. Key","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Karen E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Castellano","given":"Celia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pessagno","given":"Sophia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Using dialogue to contextualize culture, ecosystem services, and cultural ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=603061a4-88b8-4b14-b635-e089ad483d70"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[64]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[64]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[64]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[64], it is pertinent to note that the WeValue InSitu process does not aim to construct new meanings but to help to generate clear expressions of the hidden tacit values which are shared by members of the group. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23] has carried out an extensive analysis of the micro-processes involved in the WeValue InSitu process using the theory of tacit knowledge developed by Polanyi. The results show that the WeValue InSitu involves the continuous translation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. The figure below gives a lucid illustration of the process.  Figure 34: A schematic representation of the microprocesses found in line-by-line analysis of transcriptions of the main Crystallization Stage of a WeValue InSitu process (see Odii B. 2021 for details). They start with an External Stimulus (ES) provided by a list of Trigger Statements provided by the facilitator, and proceed via sub-processes of Polanyis tacit-to-explicit translation (TET). PD=Primary Denotation, ReO=ReOrganization, A= Assimilation, G=Groping, R=Reflection, DS=Designation, ReI=ReIntegration, RR= Read Result ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23]. 5.6 Hybrid Values, Values Plurality and Pluralistic Valuations Another important observation is that many of the values captured in this study did not fit into just one category of classification. 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The major difference is that the IPBES approach encourages that several different methods of valuations are used for the different domains and afterwards an integration of different value foci across domains are carried out usually resulting in value trade-offs. In contrast, the WeValue InSitu method is an inherently integrated holistic process that captures the whole range of dimensions of human values as produced in the group context. These value types produced are inclusive of all domains of value all captured in the envelope of what is most important to the group and often without the need for trade-offs. It is considered comprehensive and representative of the group and is highly integrated. 5.7 Culture and ESS Valuation The results indicate that slightly different perspectives and ways of looking at ESSs could be found in different groups. This appears to be a manifestation of cultural dynamics operationalized at different levels - societal, organizational etc. In this study there were small and frequent variations in perspectives interpretations or definitions offered by different groups concerning the same ecosystem service. These variations were culturally induced. As a result, studies that are concerned with cultural perceptions of the values of ecosystem services are expected to be largely different for different groups. This is perhaps what makes studies on cultural ecosystem services a bit complicated for people from different fields especially the economists. Thus it appears that our approach opens the door for naturally varying results from different groups to emerge, containing their authentic perspectives, whereas more-standard or traditional approaches which use fixed formats might have to use a multitude of those in order to elicit the same range of localized results. If researchers try to see these slight variations which are culturally-originated from traditional methods, they may not be seen or might appear to be contradictory. This has serious implications for ecosystem service practitioners. First, it means that different approaches are needed for different scenarios. This means that each case must be approached on its own merit and without pre-existing bias from previous studies. This may pose a bit of trouble for planners and policy makers who would now need to constantly monitor for variations. Even in cases where study methods are replicated, there must be enough room for flexibility. Secondly, it implies that there is really no generally accepted metric for measuring these cultural values. This is perhaps the most difficult of the objections posed by economists. These values are difficult to measure, difficult to monetize and difficult to standardize ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.006","ISSN":"2212-0416","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tengberg","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fredholm","given":"Susanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eliasson","given":"Ingegard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knez","given":"Igor","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"December","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"14-26","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Cultural ecosystem services provided by landscapes : Assessment of heritage values and identity Cultural ecosystem services provided by landscapes : Assessment of heritage values and identity","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a2a1fff-4950-47ea-a578-292ef84830c7"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plieninger","given":"Tobias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"Van Der","family":"Horst","given":"Dan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schleyer","given":"Christian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bieling","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"title":"Sustaining ecosystem services in cultural landscapes","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6bd199ff-579a-45cd-8e33-97efa099f416"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[212,213]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[212,213]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[212,213]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[212,213]ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.013","ISSN":"10958630","PMID":"24921963","abstract":"The concept of value is central to the practice and science of ecological management and conservation. There is a well-developed body of theory and evidence that explores concepts of value in different ways across different disciplines including philosophy, economics, sociology and psychology. Insight from these disciplines provides a robust and sophisticated platform for considering the role of social values in ecological conservation, management and research. This paper reviews theories of value from these disciplines and discusses practical tools and instruments that can be utilised by researchers and practitioners. A distinction is highlighted between underlying values that shape people's perception of the world (e.g. altruistic or biospheric value orientations), and the values that people assign to things in the world (e.g. natural heritage, money). Evidence from numerous studies has shown that there are multiple pathways between these values and attitudes, beliefs and behaviours relevant to ecological management and conservation. In an age of increasing anthropogenic impacts on natural systems, recognising how and why people value different aspects of ecological systems can allow ecological managers to act to minimise conflict between stakeholders and promote the social acceptability of management activities. A series of practical guidelines are provided to enable social values to be better considered in ecosystem management and research. 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ives","given":"Christopher D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kendal","given":"Dave","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Environmental Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"67-72","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The role of social values in the management of ecological systems","type":"article-journal","volume":"144"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8dc477fc-6089-42df-9bed-4e814a282add"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[162]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[162]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[162]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[162]. 5.8 Cultural Ecosystem Services Implications for Group Voice The nature of cultural ecosystem services and the shared values studied in this work promotes the recognition of group voice. Since the values generated from this study have been validated as the authentic idea of the group, it is proper to state that the process delivers a good platform for ensuring environmental justice ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.008","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"A major strength of the ecosystem services (ESS) concept is that it allows a succinct description of how human well-being depends on nature, showing that the neglect of such dependencies has negative consequences on human well-being and the economy. As ESS refer to human needs and interests, values are to be considered when dealing with the concept in practice. As a result we argue that in using the concept there is a need to be clear about what different dimensions of value are involved, and be aware of ethical issues that might be associated with the concept. A systematic analysis of the ethical implications associated to the ESS concept is still lacking. We address this deficiency by scrutinising value dimensions associated with the concept, and use this to explore the associated ethical implications. We then highlight how improved transparency in the use of the ESS concept can contribute to using its strengths without succumbing to possible drawbacks arising from ethical problems. These problems concern the dangers that some uses of the concept have in obscuring certain types of value, and in masking unevenness in the distribution of costs and benefits that can arise in the management of ESS. 2013 Elsevier B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jax","given":"Kurt","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barton","given":"David N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Groot","given":"Rudolf","non-dropping-particle":"de","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Doyle","given":"Ulrike","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eser","given":"Uta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grg","given":"Christoph","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gmez-Baggethun","given":"Erik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Griewald","given":"Yuliana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haber","given":"Wolfgang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haines-Young","given":"Roy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heink","given":"Ulrich","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jahn","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Joosten","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kerschbaumer","given":"Lilin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Korn","given":"Horst","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luck","given":"Gary W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Matzdorf","given":"Bettina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Muraca","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nehver","given":"Carsten","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norton","given":"Bryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ott","given":"Konrad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Potschin","given":"Marion","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rauschmayer","given":"Felix","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haaren","given":"Christina","non-dropping-particle":"von","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wichmann","given":"Sabine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May 2011","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"260-268","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Ecosystem services and ethics","type":"article-journal","volume":"93"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=69d7def2-cb3e-433a-a7a4-e21c330a226a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[89]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[89]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[89]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[89]. It therefore addresses the core of ethical considerations in ecosystem services by answering the question of whos voice and opinion should be considered and for what purpose ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/09540100120094492","ISSN":"09540105","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martinez-Alier","given":"Joan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"publisher":"Oxford University Press","title":"The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d1d13a81-30cb-4f25-9d2a-34b6d31bf271"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.019","ISSN":"00167185","abstract":"There are several varieties of environmentalism. Here the focus is on the environmentalism of poor or indigenous populations involved in resource extraction conflicts around the world. In their struggle to preserve their own livelihoods against mining companies, hydroelectric dams, biomass extraction and land grabbing, and oil and gas exploitation, peasant and indigenous communities have been since the 1980s and 1990s the backbone of the global environmental justice movement. 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martinez-Alier","given":"Joan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Geoforum","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"239-241","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The environmentalism of the poor","type":"article-journal","volume":"54"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4ba212d1-2422-49c9-9cc2-2c9db047f2f1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[214,215]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[214,215]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[214,215]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[214,215]. Recent studies on ecosystem services are increasingly adopting methodologies that empower the voices of aboriginal people ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/13645579.2019.1669923","ISSN":"14645300","abstract":"Indigenous research Knowledges and methodologies have existed over millennia, however it is only recently that Indigenous scholars have been able to challenge institutional Western hegemony to reclaim sovereignty in the research space. Despite the high volume of quantitative research describing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health, there has been limited evaluation of the value added through incorporation of Indigenous Knowledges and methodologies. Research at the interface has been discussed as an Indigenous research methodology for researchers to contextualise and inform their research practices, between Indigenous and Western systems of knowledge. In this article we address the significance of research at the interface for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander research, as an exciting opportunity for innovation to ensure strength, self-determination and resilience for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities engaged in research. We also introduce weaving a methodology for research at the interface as a process for conceptualising Indigenous and quantitative research methodologies at the interface.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ryder","given":"Courtney","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mackean","given":"Tamara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Coombs","given":"Julieann","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Hayley","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Kate","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holland","given":"Andrew J.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ivers","given":"Rebecca Q.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"255-267","publisher":"Routledge","title":"Indigenous research methodologyweaving a research interface","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fff20f61-6be8-4ae8-8987-cb0062dd27e1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[216]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[216]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[216]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[216]; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.006","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"There is a general scarcity of information on local community perspectives regarding trophy hunting in Zimbabwe. This information chasm is undesirable to the country, scientists and trophy hunting market participants given that major Western customer markets require evidence of benefits by local communities in order to support trophy hunting. This study contributes to closing the knowledge gap by discussing the community perspectives of the dominant trophy hunting market for ecosystem services (the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) programme) in Zimbabwe. In bringing this viewpoint to light, the study uses perspectives of communities in Hwange district, Matabeleland north with a particular focus on attributes and attitudes towards CAMPFIRE. A qualitative research design obtained in depth information on current CAMPFIRE issues. Data was collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results show that the contribution of CAMPFIRE to local economic development has been hampered by market challenges and the exclusion of the local communities who are the producer constituency.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dube","given":"Nqobizitha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"February","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"335-343","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Voices from the village on trophy hunting in Hwange district, Zimbabwe","type":"article-journal","volume":"159"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f905dca3-48c1-4971-bded-0fc4dde1c347"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101341","ISSN":"22120416","abstract":"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment focused attention on benefit flows from ecosystems to humans, although nowadays, ecosystem service (ES) researchers typically acknowledge reciprocal flows from humans to nature and there is growing recognition of the need to better incorporate insights from other cultures. We set out to do this, giving primacy to the voice of an Australian Aboriginal group during a workshop that developed an (Aboriginal) model of the nature-people relationship. ES were a component of the model, but the Aboriginal model was not atomistic (with separable parcels of land, separable ES, or separable individuals who are not part of community); it focused primarily on connections between and within the human and natural systems. Temporal dimensions were considerably longer than those commonly considered by Western scientists, feelings and spirituality were central, and stewardship activities were highlighted as not only improving the environment but also directly improving wellbeing. Evidently, Country needs to be looked after the right way; it is not enough to simply account for the ES values that are generated or the stewardship activities that are undertaken (e.g. controlling weeds); one also needs to record how this is done (e.g. with respect) and by whom (e.g. traditional owners).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stoeckl","given":"Natalie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jarvis","given":"Diane","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larson","given":"Silva","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Larson","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grainger","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ewamian Aboriginal Corporation","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosystem Services","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"101341","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Australian Indigenous insights into ecosystem services: Beyond services towards connectedness People, place and time","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a5f35c10-87b8-4ec6-a615-3f7fe3412009"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[217,218]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[217,218]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[217,218]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[217,218]. 5.9 The WVICP and its Usefulness in Valuation Frameworks It is clear that the use of WeValue InSitu in this study provided a scaffolding process for the crystallization of the shared values of the group. It was also useful in helping the groups to gel different values concepts and domains of life together. Thus the WeValue InSitu crystallization process was useful in navigating the perceived dichotomies between natural and cultural aspects of the ecosystem. This is similar to the role played by the IPBES relational values which posits that culture permeates through and across all categories of Natures contributions to people. Therefore, we propose that the integration of culture in the valuation of material, non-material and regulating NCPs in the IPBES framework is perceived in this work as a role well executed by the WeValue InSitu. We suggest that the WVICP could be a used as a bolt-on process in other valuation frameworks for cultural ecosystem services. Further studies may be needed to validate this. 5.10 Authenticity of Values Elicited (Issues on Authenticity) A fundamental requirement for works done in the assessment of ecosystem services is the confirmation of authenticity or validity of the values elicited and the process used. This is supported by several studies on validity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/13645570500402447","ISSN":"13645579","abstract":"The last 100 years have witnessed a fervent debate in the USA about quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Unfortunately, this has led to a great divide between quantitative and qualitative researchers, who often view themselves as in competition with each other. Clearly, this polarization has promoted purists, namely, researchers who restrict themselves exclusively either to quantitative or to qualitative research methods. Monomethod research is the biggest threat to the advancement of the social sciences. Indeed, as long as we stay polarized in research, how can we expect stakeholders who rely on our research findings to take our work seriously? Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore how the debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive and, hence, counterproductive for advancing the social and behavioural science field. This paper advocates that all graduate students learn to utilize and to appreciate both quantitative and qualitative research. In so doing, students will develop into what we term as pragmatic researchers.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Onwuegbuzie","given":"Anthony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leech","given":"Nancy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"375-387","title":"On becoming a pragmatic researcher: The importance of combining quantitative and qualitative research methodologies","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1242a024-61d3-442a-b037-036c7a1209ba"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISSN":"1085-5300","abstract":"This paper is focused on validity in mixed methods research or what we refer to more broadly as mixed research. However, to understand the validity issue (i.e., quality) in mixed research, a brief review of some related discussions in quantitative and qualitative research will be helpful for orientation. Because these issues have been discussed elsewhere in great detail, we provide only brief summaries of those literatures, but first we want to make a few introductory comments about our general approach to research validity or quality. We try to take a \" middle of the road \" position, seeing some truth and insight to be gained from multiple perspectives. Our approach is only one among many, and we recommend that readers examine additional perspectives as more work is carried out in this emerging area in mixed methods research as well as in the more traditional areas of qualitative and quantitative research quality. The \" validity \" issue, at least as we use the term, is not about singular truths, and it certainly is not limited to quantitative measurement; rather, by validity we mean that a research study, its parts, the conclusions drawn, and the applications based on it can be of high or low quality, or somewhere in between. Research needs to be defensible to the research and practice communities for whom research is produced and used. The arbiters of research quality will be the research stakeholders, which means that the quality or validity issue can have subjective, intersubjective, and objective components and influences. At the same time, research is something about which we can \" rationally \" speak, and usually, after considering our external and our internal or epistemic standards, we can meaningfully assert that some research is of higher quality for certain purposes than is other research (Longino, 1990). Anthropology, sociology, and psychology teach us that communities, cultures, and various kinds of groupings (including communities of researchers) have some shared norms, practices, values, and beliefs. We aim our sense of justification at the research community that sees many advantages to sometimes using both qualitative and quantitative research in their single or highly related sets of research studies. One of the exciting results of much mixed research is that in a In quantitative research, the importance of validity has been long accepted. In qualitative research, discussions of validity have been more contentious and different typolog","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Onwuegbuzie","given":"Anthony","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnson","given":"R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Research in the Schools","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"48-63","title":"The validity issue in mixed research","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5e17948b-898d-4d7f-914e-dff9d375d072"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[219,220]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[219,220]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[219,220]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[219,220]. This study utilized the WeValue process which has been established to have a transparent audit trail from the negotiating and meaning-making stage right to the final outcome ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23]. The high authenticity value of the WeValue InSitu process is reported by ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[27] and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26] and confirms the process as a useful scaffolding process that provides space for participants to collectively explore their dormant hidden knowledge about shared experiences. This procedure is carried out without any nudging to any particular theme or any interference of the facilitator. The values statements so produced are entirely owned by the participants and not the facilitator, hence the name InSitu. This further corroborates the reports of face validity as reflected in Table 9. The action of linking the shared values statements that are produced from the process to the shared tacit knowledge of the group ensures that the values statements are accountable, well situated and well blended with the groups norms and ideals. 5.11 Implications for Sustainability Sustainability science advocates for the inclusion of all pillars of sustainable development economic, environmental and social, in valuations and ecosystem service decision-making. This connotes the consideration of diverse factors before any intervention is carried out. Many studies have focused on the environmental and economic contexts of decision-making in ecosystem service research. This study takes into consideration the role of the social and cultural aspect in any project. It is evident from the results that even the presence of a provisioning service as basic as food had far reaching implications in terms of being significant for the spiritual lives and social relations of certain groups. This must always be taken into account in environmental impact assessments and other assessments by governments and decision makers. 5.12 Indicators for Cultural Valuations Although it was not the intention in this study to produce indicators for cultural values of ecosystem services, the results are pointers to the possibility of developing cultural indicators for ecosystem services. The values framework can act as a feedback mechanism for group preferences in a local context. This is well reported in studies using biocultural approaches for constructing wellbeing indicators ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mccarter","given":"Joe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sterling","given":"Eleanor J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jupiter","given":"Stacy D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cullman","given":"Georgina D","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Albert","given":"Simon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Basi","given":"Marlene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Betley","given":"Erin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boseto","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bulehite","given":"Evan S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harron","given":"Ryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holland","given":"Piokera S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Horning","given":"Ned","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hughes","given":"Alec","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jino","given":"Nixon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Biocultural approaches to developing well-being indicators in Solomon Islands","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c6c60d74-eef1-4e45-bc0d-fe74604e0f5f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[148]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[148]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[148]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[148]. 5.13 Environmental Responsibility This study further provides insights into issues of environmental responsibility. Who is responsible for the environment and to what extent? Most of the works done on environmental responsibility and accountability are linked to the role of corporate organizations, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and multinationals in adopting the environment as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smaliukiene","given":"Rasa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Stakeholders impact on the environmental responsibility : Model design and testing","type":"article-journal","volume":"1699"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=16a07632-6b17-40de-9f09-dff6721251dd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[221]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[221]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[221]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[221]. However, this study opens new prospects on the need for shared responsibility towards the environment by other non-business groups. For example, we observe that the youth group (VY12) considers matters of erosion prevention and control as one of vital importance and for which they should be accountable and answerable for. Also, we observe similar scenario for VC5 where they explain that their women are responsible for maintaining the spring. The 2 cases mentioned above show that different local groups can be assigned to take care of different aspects of the environmental a situation that may lead to a form of decentralized environmental governance. This is supported by reports on the emergence of new policies that advocate inter-territorial, intersectorial and intergenerational co-responsibility towards environmental problems ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.4324/9780203155677","ISBN":"9781136581342","abstract":"Due to their specificity, environmental problems are difficult to govern using standard policy tools. The transgression of the traditional political scale, the intersectorial nature of the problems, and the desynchronization of the impact of human activity on the environment, have resulted in the emergence of policies that champion co-responsibility (inter-territorial, intersectorial, intergenerational). This tendency is evidenced by politics which reinforce explicit interdependen- cies between territories, and by devices which serve to make social actors aware of their responsibilities (in regards to the environment). These environmental devices represent a new and increasing trend in the regulation of collective environmental problems, in that they place greater emphasis on shifting the social practices of individuals (alternate forms of consumption, travel, etc.). This text exposes these mechanisms aimed at making people more responsible. It explores the range and the limits of environmental governance","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Denis","given":"Salles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"S.A.P.I.EN.S","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1 - 7","title":"Environmental governance","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=75499323-a835-4539-afd7-1ab983ce3ccc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[105]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[105]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[105]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[105]. This also extends to more gender-specific inclusions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.025","ISSN":"09218009","abstract":"Would enhancing women's presence in community institutions of forest governance improve resource conservation and regeneration? This paper focuses on this little addressed question. Based on the author's primary data on communities managing their local forests in parts of India and Nepal, it statistically assesses whether the gender composition of a local forest management group affects forest conservation outcomes, after controlling for other characteristics of the management group, aspects of institutional functioning, forest and population characteristics, and related factors. It is found that groups with a high proportion of women in their executive committee (EC)-the principal decision-making body-show significantly greater improvements in forest condition in both regions. Moreover, groups with all-women ECs in the Nepal sample have better forest regeneration and canopy growth than other groups, despite receiving much smaller and more degraded forests. Older EC members, especially older women, also make a particular difference, as does employing a guard. The beneficial impact of women's presence on conservation outcomes is attributable especially to women's contributions to improved forest protection and rule compliance. More opportunity for women to use their knowledge of plant species and methods of product extraction, as well as greater cooperation among women, are also likely contributory factors. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Agarwal","given":"Bina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"2785-2799","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Gender and forest conservation: The impact of women's participation in community forest governance","type":"article-journal","volume":"68"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1eac9d26-6668-476a-ac0b-e0c1f6eb0772"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[222]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[222]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[222]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[222]. 5.14 Limitations This study was conducted with basically 3 group types. A wider range of group types would be necessary to capture more information about the variations that arise with different groups. The study was also limited in cases where the participants were not able to read the trigger lists even in the local language. During such occasions, the researcher had to read out the contents of the trigger list while the participants chose their preferred statements by ticking the corresponding number on a bingo sheet. Finally, it may be difficult to state precisely if the outbreak of the pandemic had any specific effect on the level of engagement of the participants. This can only be confirmed after series of other fieldworks to check the level of engagement post-pandemic. 5.15 Future work 5.15.1 Investigating the Impact of Group Roles It was observed that there were variations in the ESS categories produced across groups. Although it is too early to generalize, it is nonetheless evident that the councilor groups produced more shared values aligned to the provisioning and regulating services while the teachers produced values that were more focused on learning and relationships. So, there is a clear alignment of values produced with group roles. This is a new observation in studies involving the WeValue crystallization process and would influence group selection in subsequent studies on ESS. 5.15.2 The Impact of a Second Session Of The WVICP Secondly, future studies can look at the likelihood of conducting a second session of the WeValue crystallization InSitu process with participants. It is known that each session lasting about 3 4 hours only produces a framework of the topmost issues of importance. It has been frequently observed that participants naturally stop producing statements at some time during the session. It is thought that participants may build on earlier results if a second session is conducted, during which they may produce another list of lesser important values but which may contain more values of ESS not previously mentioned. The findings in this study present some options of actions to be taken. The first is to continue with the development of methods that disclose or crystallize the authentic values of the people and afterwards, to separate them into the already established categories based on economics. Another option would be to begin the process of forming a new normative economics that recognizes and incorporates different domains of ecological and financial accounting but with the added advantage of acknowledging and absorbing the importance of intrinsic human values. This would obviously require more data about peoples own ideas of what is important, meaningful and worthwhile based on their knowledge systems. This holds much promise to generating a practical, reasonable approach to valuation in ESS and other domains of sustainability assessments. In order to generalize this option, there is need for the rigorous work of linking indigenous knowledge with accepted universal concepts and this could become the foundation of what could be referred to as Group-Level Universal Values-based Economics (GLUVE). CHAPTER SIX CONSIDERATION OF A WIDER RANGE OF CASES (INDONESIA AND SENEGAL) 6.0 Overview The purpose of this chapter is to generalize the findings of this study by presenting the results of similar studies conducted with different groups across 2 countries Indonesia and Senegal. The same methodology designed for this study (See Chapter 3) was applied to the 2 sites. The WeValue insitu crystallization process was first conducted with 9 groups in Indonesia and 11 groups in Senegal. In this chapter, the results of the study conducted in these 2 sites are presented and analyzed for ecosystem service outputs. 6.1 Situated Shared Values (Frameworks) of Groups in Indonesia Indonesia is a country located in southeast Asia. It is the worlds largest archipelagic state with around 17500 islands and an estimated population of 270 million people ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"he World Banks Climate Change Knowledge Portal, a comprehensive online one-stop shop for global, regional, and country data related to climate change and development. Recognizing the value of consistent, easy-to-use technical resources for client countries as well as to support respective internal climate risk assessment and adaptation planning processes, the World Bank Groups Climate Change Group has developed this content. Standardizing and pooling expertise facilitates the World Bank Group in conducting initial assessments of climate risks and opportunities across sectors within a country, within institutional portfolios across regions, and acts as a global resource for development practitioners. For developing countries, the climate risk profiles are intended to serve as public goods to facilitate upstream country diagnostics, policy dialogue, and strategic planning by providing comprehensive overviews of trends and projected changes in key climate parameters, sector-specific implications, relevant policies and programs, adaptation priorities and opportunities for further actions. It is my hope that these efforts will spur deepening of long-term risk management in developing countries and our engagement in supporting climate change adaptation planning at operational levels. Bernice","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"WB and ADB","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Climate Risk Country Profile - Indonesia","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a99476db-cf9d-49c1-88b6-eca1bcabdbbd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[223]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[223]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[223]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[223]. As at 2019, it was considered the largest economy in southeast Asia and contains an extremely varied climate, topography and geography ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.0701825104","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"17483453","abstract":"El Nio events typically lead to delayed rainfall and decreased rice planting in Indonesia's main rice-growing regions, thus prolonging the hungry season and increasing the risk of annual rice deficits. Here we use a risk assessment framework to examine the potential impact of El Nio events and natural variability on rice agriculture in 2050 under conditions of climate change, with a focus on two main rice-producing areas: Java and Bali. We select a 30-day delay in monsoon onset as a threshold beyond which significant impact on the country's rice economy is likely to occur. To project the future probability of monsoon delay and changes in the annual cycle of rainfall, we use output from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR4 suite of climate models, forced by increasing greenhouse gases, and scale it to the regional level by using empirical downscaling models. Our results reveal a marked increase in the probability of a 30-day delay in monsoon onset in 2050, as a result of changes in the mean climate, from 9-18% today (depending on the region) to 30-40% at the upper tail of the distribution. Predictions of the annual cycle of precipitation suggest an increase in precipitation later in the crop year (April-June) of H"10% but a substantial decrease (up to 75% at the tail) in precipitation later in the dry season (July-September). These results indicate a need for adaptation strategies in Indonesian rice agriculture, including increased investments in water storage, drought-tolerant crops, crop diversification, and early warning systems. 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naylor","given":"Rosamond L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Battisti","given":"David S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vimont","given":"Daniel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Falcon","given":"Walter P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burke","given":"Marshall B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"19","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"7752-7757","title":"Assessing risks of climate variability and climate change for Indonesian rice agriculture","type":"article-journal","volume":"104"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3c859373-6f1a-4eb6-8b19-e97f56ab11d3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[224]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[224]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[224]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[224]. This study was conducted in East Lombok one of the lesser islands in the country. The study was conducted with 9 groups comprising mothers (M1 M6), fathers (F1) and teachers (T1 T2). As stated earlier, the methodology for this thesis was applied including the preprocess of localization of WeValue materials, the WeValue insitu Crystallization process (WVICP), the focus groups perspectives explorations and the thematic analysis and classification using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework. The diferent groups generated different types of shared values on different themes such as respect, learning, sacrifice, family, religion and spirituality etc. An analysis of the results reveal similar interesting details as the previous studies in Nigeria. The results show that out of 9 groups examined in this study, only 4 groups were found to have generated ESS-related values. This consisted of M2, M3, M6 and T2 groups. Further analyses of the results are presented below. 6.1.1 Situatedness The results show that ecosystem services were embedded within the values frameworks of some of the groups. The generation of these ESS values as part of the list of most important things confirms that ESS values should not be assessed seperately from other values. 6.1.2 Variation /Not Across These Groups Incidentally, all the mothers group produced the same types of ESS value cultural ecosystem service. Specifically, they all had references to nature using such statements as these: 14 we have a beautiful natural environment that is still natural - It's nice to see clean and tidy yards (M2); 2 East Lombok has many places of natural beauty for recreation (M3); 9 we have Nature: a tree represents peace and calm in life (M6). From the example statements above, it is clear that the mothers had a strong value for recreation provided by nature. The teachers group (T2) on the other hand also had references to nature but were not restricted to recreation. Their appreciation for nature expanded to include values for learning, education and knowledge systems. The example statements below illustrate this further: 9 we introduce nature to children at an early age (knowledge system); 5 children learn about the growing of rice so they can be closer to nature (education). They also produced statements connected to regulating services like 4 we actively preserve the environment. The statement about agriculture being a way of living was considered a hybrid supplying the usual provisioning service and also the cultural service of identity. 6.1.3 ESS Categories Elicited and Identified In the Indonesian study, all the MEA classification of values were produced but not at the same frequency. The most frequently occuring ecosystem service elicited from this study was the cultural ecosystem services. The 3 mothers groups that generated ESS values produced only cultural ecosystem services while the teachers group 2 produced al the categories with one of the value statements being a hybrid, that is a combination of provisioning and cultural services. The figure below is a visual representation of the situatedness of ecosystem services within the envelopes of shared values of the various groups in Indonesia.  Figure 35: Values envelopes of various groups in Indonesia indicating the situatedness of ESS 6.2 Situated Shared Values (Frameworks) of Groups in Senegal Senegal is a country in the Western part of Africa with the capital in Dakar. The country has a population of 16.74 million people. It is bordered by Mauritania, Mali and Guinea and enjoys a tropical climate. The research for the exploration of ecosystem services within the shared values of groups was conducted in Kaffrine an agricultural town renowned for growing peanuts, millets and maize. The study was conducted with 11 groups comprising mothers, fathers, health workers, farmers, market traders and administrators. The major language of use in this locality is Wolof which is the national language of Senegal. Due to this language restriction, local researchers were trained to carry out the WeValue insitu crystallization process with the guidance and supervision of the facilitator. The sessions were recorded and later transcribed and translated into French and English. Furthermore, the difficulty in communication between the original faciliatator and the participants necessitated the slight variation of the wevalue insitu crystallization process by making use of clip art images rather than live photos for the photo-elicitation process. Just like a typical session, several values were generated from the partcipants corresponding to 3 major themes their aspirations (most important to achieve), the qualities (needed to meet aspirations) and Interactions (to foster aspirations). The deliberations and values statements produced stressed on such themes as religion, family, food, livelihoods etc. An analysis of the results are presented below 6.2.1 Situatedness The results of the study show that 4 groups namely the grandmothers (GM1), farmers (FM1), market traders (MT1) and mothers group 2 (M2) produced ESS-related values. Thus, it was observed that ecosystem services were situated within other shared values of the groups. 6.2.2 Variation /Not Across These Groups There were some variations across groups in the ESS values elicited. First, some groups produced more ESS values than others. For example the farmers (FM1) generated more ESS values (4) than the the rest. They were followed by the grandmothers (GM1) who produced 2 ESS-related values. Both market traders (MT1) and mothers group 2 (M2) produced 1 ESS-related value each. The implications will be discussed later. Another important factor of is in the types of ESS values generated. There was basically not much difference in the category of ecosystem services generated by the groups. It was observed that all the ESS-generating groups produced only provisioning services with the exception of the grandmother group that also produced a regulating service of secure environments. 6.2.3 ESS Categories Elicited and Identified: As earlier stated, mostly provisioning services were produced by the groups with the exception of the 1 regulating service produced by group GM1. Most of the provisioning services mentioned access to resources like water and food. An example statement is provided by the farmers group: 1 ...To have good quality seeds. The regulating service produced by the grandmothers was depicted by the statement, ... To have secured environment. The diagram below shows the values frameworks of the different groups in Senegal and the occurrence of ecosystem services within the values frameworks. The implications of the results are briefly discussed afterwards.  Figure 36: Values envelopes of various groups in Senegal indicating the situatedness of ESS 6.3 Discussion This chapter is intended to demonstrate the applicability of this study to a wider range of cases and contexts. So far, the results obtained from this chapter correlate with the earlier results obtained from this study (See Chapter 4). The occurrence of ecosystem services within the context of other social, cultural and human values is indicative that ESS values are situated in the values framework of groups and should rightly be studied from that background. The variations in values produced across groups in Indonesia is further evidence that group roles are important factors in the type of values elicited ESS values inclusive. While it is not exactly the case in Senegal, we may argue that societal context had more influence in the deliberations of the Senegal groups than group roles. This may need to be studied further to ascertain the exact factors that influence the ESS values produced per time. We also observe that even with the slight variation in the WeValue process, similar results were produced. However, it is clear that there is need for proper and sufficient training of local researchers to carry out effective facilitation of the process in cases of language or cultural hindrances. This is supported by studies which indicate that the limitation of the WeValue insitu crystallization process is the need for specialist facilitators ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125343","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is considered a cornerstone for advances in sustainability, because transformative shifts in perspective will be necessary for humankind to transition towards it. The theory of transformative learning (TL) has been considered in hundreds of applied studies in diverse fields, yet it remains descriptive and unable to prescribe which conditions and processes could reliably produce TL outcomes. Here an in-depth case study is used to investigate a candidate process from another field and unknown to TL researchers (called WeValue InSitu) which has been reported to regularly produce some forms of informally denoted transformative outcomes. The goal is to determine if these formally qualify, because this would imply the standard WeValue InSitu process could be a reliable way to produce, and investigate, TL and TL outcomes (TLOs). Using grounded thematic open-coding of full transcripts of three sets of post-event interviews, compared against statements made prior to the event, it is shown unambiguously that four outcomes have formal TL nature, as shifts in meaning schemes, one of which developed into a wider shift of meaning perspective over three weeks. These findings indicate that the WeValue InSitu process can likely produce TLOs regularly and identifiably, offering a pedagogical laboratory which can be used for systematic studies to link its sub-processes in detail to the TL outcomes it produces, allowing step-wise progress in theory-building. It also indicates that WeValue InSitu can be prescriptively applied, within its limitations such as maximum group sizes and specialist facilitators, to trigger TL in local groups of villagers, governance officers, environmental enthusiasts, community-based organizations and/or government committees, to become more focused and self-aware and more mobilized towards sustainability actions. This study thus opens the door to new research agenda in theory-building and applications of TL towards sustainability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dike","given":"Felix O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Firoozmand","given":"Firooz","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"125343","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Are those really transformative learning outcomes? Validating the relevance of a reliable process","type":"article-journal","volume":"285"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=821e8db3-125d-4917-8ab0-bf6f075cedb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[44]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[44]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[44]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[44]. The process for the development of a manual for training is underway and soon to be completed. From the foregoing, the ideas about generalization seem to be trending correctly. Therefore, this approach is considered fit and beneficial and it is suggested that ESS valuations incorporate this technique in future studies of cultural ecosystem services. It is also proposed that other researchers can take this forward rigorously. CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.0 Overview The main objective of this study was to produce evidence of situated values about ecosystem services, (i.e. situated within the wider shared values of the group). Thus, this study was useful in exploring the situatedness of ESS values within the framework of other human values using a values-based participatory approach as a bolt-on to the MEA classification framework. The results obtained in this study reveal that ESS values are found embedded and situated within the groups framework of shared social values. The ecosystem services elicited contained the 3 main MEA categories of provisioning, regulating and cultural services with cultural services forming about half of the total ESS values elicited. This situatedness of ESS values within the wider shared values of the group is in agreement with previous studies that shared values research should be context-dependent and culturally constructed (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1525002113","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balvanera","given":"Patricia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benessaiah","given":"Karina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapman","given":"Mollie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1462-1465","title":"Why protect nature ? Rethinking values and the environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"113"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=da15637c-6864-4c67-8d6e-639eea13622e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[147]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[147]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[147]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[147], ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"1111111111","ISSN":"18773435","abstract":"Value orientations used to explain or justify conservation have been rooted in arguments about how much and in what context to emphasize the intrinsic versus instrumental value of nature. Equally prominent are characterizations of beliefs known as the New Ecological Par- adigm (NEP), often used to help explain pro-environmental behaviour. A recent alternative to these positions has been identified as relational valuebroadly, values linking people and ecosystems via tangible and intangible relationships to nature as well as the principles, virtues and notions of a good life that may accompany these. This paper examines whether relational values are distinct from other value orientation and have potential to alleviate the intrinsic-instrumental debate. To test this possibility, we sought to operationalize the con- structrelational valuesby developing six relational statements. We ask: 1) Do the indi- vidual statements used to characterize relational values demonstrate internal coherence as either a single or multi-dimensional construct? 2) Do relational value statements (including those strongly stated) resonate with diverse populations? 3) Do people respond to relational value statements in a consistently different way than NEP scale statements? Data for this work is drawn from an online panel of residents of northeastern US (n= 400), as well as a sample of Costa Rican farmers (n= 253) and tourists in Costa Rica (n= 260). Results indi- cate relational values are distinct as a construct when compared to the NEP.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klain","given":"Sarah C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olmsted","given":"Paige","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chan","given":"Kai M. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Satterfield","given":"Terre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"e0183962","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"A1-A7","title":"Relational values resonate broadly and differently than instrinsic or instrumental values or the NEP","type":"article-journal","volume":"12(8)"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ef119cf9-763a-48f0-9c1d-8bca1d5fcb04"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[40]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[40]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[40]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[40]. It also fulfils the need to treat ESS research as a situated practice ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12187-260207","abstract":"We propose an alternative methodology for engaging with multifaceted cultural ecosystem services (CES) in the Global South. We explore the use of dialogue as a tool for understanding CES in situ, while developing shared action steps toward CES conservation among stakeholders. We held six dialogue workshops in the rural Central Pacific region of Costa Rica that were designed to foster understanding of shared community values for ecosystem services and associated conservation challenges. In two of the workshops, we employed model-based reasoning through which we used maps as boundary negotiating objects to nurture dialogue on CES values, observations, and concerns. In four of the workshops, we used photovoice to elicit reflection and dialogue on CES values and changes in ecosystem services in the region. Observations and surveys of workshop participants revealed that the process engendered reflection on ecosystem service values, and community support and enthusiasm for future communal efforts. These workshops demonstrated how dialogue can elucidate local values for CES, while strengthening support across stakeholders for improved conservation actions. We propose that this methodology is applicable in various contexts for improved CES assessment across diverse stakeholders. Key","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allen","given":"Karen E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Castellano","given":"Celia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pessagno","given":"Sophia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Using dialogue to contextualize culture, ecosystem services, and cultural ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=603061a4-88b8-4b14-b635-e089ad483d70"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[64]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[64]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[64]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[64] one which is locally accountable to the people. Furthermore, this research was useful in developing a systematic non-biased methodology for the elicitation of cultural values of Ecosystem Services. Cultural ecosystem services are by nature intangible and non-physical. They are considered to be difficult to measure in conventional market-based economic valuations. Using a bolt-on of our values-based approach (WeValue insitu crystallization process) to the classification framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the cultural values of ecosystem services were extracted from the general shared values of the group. The process was considered non-biased because it did not involve any form of nudging techniques and ensured that all the values statements were the original ideas of the participants and not that of the facilitator or environmental experts. This study was also able to conveniently apply the WeValue insitu crystallization process trends and variations in the cultural values of ecosystem services of different types of groups. The groups involved in this research included village councilors, teachers and members of village committees in Southeast Nigeria. The results clearly demonstrated that there were variations in the types of ESS values elicited across the groups with the village councilors expressing more values for provisioning services than the teachers. The study also displayed slight variations in values across local and geographical contexts of the groups. These results are clear indications that group roles or functions and local contexts play a pivotal role in the types of ESS values elicited. In addition, this study successfully demonstrated the authenticity of the shared values about ESS elicited through the process. Aside the already established auditability of the WeValue insitu crystallization process reported in previous studies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/17565529.2019.1639488","ISSN":"17565537","abstract":"Effective engagement of local communities in externally driven development projects is problematic globally, including in the crucial development of locally appropriate plans for climate change adaptation. We present an exploratory case study of the purposeful use of an emerging values-based approach to first assist local communities to articulate and confirm their own, in-situ, shared values-in-action, as a pre-process to participatory vulnerability risk assessments (VRA). We separately engaged four Village Development Committees (VDCs) from the North East District in Botswana, where a widespread programme of local VRAs is taking place. Results clearly demonstrate very significant and meaningful engagement by, ownership of, and relevance to, participants in the VRA process, evident through the bespoke and tailored considerations of local vulnerabilities and responses, and post-event focus group interviews. We conclude that the values-based process, known as the WeValue InSitu shared values crystallization process, has potential for a step-wise shift in effectiveness of VRAs and local adaptation planning, and that a new agenda is needed to develop and test WeValues replicability and effectiveness in other international contexts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sethamo","given":"Obakeng A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Masika","given":"Rachel J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Climate and Development","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"448-456","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Understanding the role of crystallizing local shared values in fostering effective community engagement in adaptation planning in Botswana","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84993569-78ce-47c5-9d59-2bd070f92bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26,27]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26,27]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26,27]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26,27], this study also demonstrated that the ESS-values generated from this process were authentic. This was achieved using focus group perspectives explorations to produce representative statements that demonstrated ownership of and accountability to the statements. The participants were able to declare their acceptance of the values frameworks as being genuine representations of their shared values. The final objective of this study was to demonstrate the specific usefulness of the standard WeValue deliberation process to making local shared values of ESS explicit. The process was very helpful in eliciting and crystallizing previously tacit ESS values to explicit. The ability of the WVICP to carry out these tacit-to-explicit conversions has been reported in previous studies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127024","ISSN":"09596526","abstract":"Transformative learning is highly sought by practitioners and academics in sustainable development, education for sustainable development, and adult education, because it involves shifts in perspectives which can potentially underpin significant changes in worldviews and ways of learning. A practice-based design process for crystallizing local shared values, called WeValue InSitu, is already reported to regularly produce transformative learning (TL), but its lack of discipline- or theory-based origins means there are currently no ways to formalise its mechanisms. There is thus a need to conceptualize the sub-processes within it in order to provide a theoretical underpinning, and to extract key contributions to the production of transformative learning (TL). Here, Polanyi's fine-toothed micro-processes are used to analyse discourses from transcripts of a WeValue InSitu event to reveal patterns of meaning-making and meaning-checking cycles. Also identified are key facilitator actions of: redirecting, challenging, refocusing, reflecting back, and disentangling concepts. These findings allow a self-consistent conceptualization of the WeValue InSitu sub-processes and thus a formal methodology. Furthermore, these will lead to more widespread transferability and scaling-up of WeValue InSitu in the field, to meet demand for its known uses e.g. in climate change adaptation planning, sustainability assessments, and education. The reconceptualized sub-processes also contribute to wider TL research, since it will enable reliable TL production to replace fortuitous case studies. With that, there can now be a new TL research agenda for systematic studies e.g. of TL learning mechanisms and contextual influences on TL.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"Benita C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Yanyan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"des","family":"Bouvrie","given":"Nicole","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"Marie K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"127024","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Cycles of meaning-making crystallization in the WeValue InSitu process as clear contributions towards transformative learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"304"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4ec5fb5-c36f-4535-bf7b-300ef6982bc3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[23]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[23]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[23]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[23] and is evidenced by the clear articulations of their values statements. In fulfilling the objectives of the research mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, this thesis was able to answer the following research questions: Do ESS values exist within the values envelopes of non-environmental groups? Can this ESS values be successfully elicited without nudging? Do the elicited ESS values effectively fit into the classification categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment? Are the elicited values authentic and can their authenticity be proven? Is the WeValue Insitu process effective in integrated valuation of ecosystem services? In the next session, the specific contributions of this thesis are presented with particular emphasis on the implications for ecosystem service research, shared values studies, environmental management and sustainability indicators. 7.1 Contributions of this Thesis With some degree of certainty obtained by the depth and breadth of this study, this work has made important contributions to theory and practice. This work has made significant contributions in 4 major areas and they are explained below. 7.1.1 Contributions to Ecosystem Services This study has deepened our understanding on the relative placement of ecosystem services and associated environmental values on the general envelope of human values of a group. Therefore, this thesis demonstrates a new way of investigating cultural ecosystem services one that is rooted in the cultural perspectives of the locals. It confirms the need to carry out ESS research as situated practices ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12253-260224","abstract":"Ecosystem services (ES) are heralded as an approach that communicates across disciplines and between researchers and resource managers, encouraging more environmentally sustainable human behavior. However, most studies presuppose that values are ontologically distinct from ecosystem services without examining what this framing enables and occludes about human and other- than-human relations. Through a reflexive research approach, we conduct a conventional photo elicitation ES survey among four groups in Moorea, French Polynesia, while also eliciting respondents evaluations of the survey method, and documenting the method in action as participants interacted with it. Photo elicitation results suggest that fishers valued the subsistence fishery while scientists favored habitats, yet all stakeholders were concerned about the role of economic activities in contributing to environmental degradation. Yet, survey participants had difficulties with interpreting the photos of ecosystem services as intended, an indication that the ES framework commits to a nature-culture dualism and displaces other ways of ordering human and other-than-human relations, particularly those present throughout the Global South. We argue that ecosystem services research is best treated as a situated practice where researcher and research participants jointly produce intended and unintended results and outcomes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hunter","given":"Chelsea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lauer","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Society","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"title":"Ecosystems services research in action : reflexively valuing environments in the South Pacific","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ac07ac9b-f74b-43c0-b2a2-ce89984735fb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[151]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[151]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[151]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[151]. It further demonstrates that relevant information about ecosystem services can be obtained not only from expert groups, but also from the local people. Thus, it expands currently available human repositories from where ESS data may be obtained. Moreover, the seamless integration of indigenous knowledge with available local knowledge is commendable. The bolting-on of the WeValue insitu crystallization process to the classification cum analytical framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is considered a methodological contribution to ESS research. 7.1.2 Contributions to shared values studies This thesis also made notable contributions to shared values studies. The simplified and direct way of visually presenting the shared values data is noteworthy. It obviously improves the data visualization methods employed in shared values studies by enabling a quick understanding of the values framework of groups. So far, the study presented values at the group scale. However, the assemblage of the values frameworks of several groups in the locality (See Fig 33) can begin to reveal probable shared values at the communal or societal scale. 7.1.3 Contributions to Environmental Management This thesis also made remarkable contributions to environmental management. The values frameworks of the people give a clear picture of their environmental concerns and priorities. The frameworks further reveal the reveal aspects of a groups environmental responsibility. Hence this study presents a way of involving groups in environmental governance. It is suggested that since the values are authentic values of the participants, environmental tasks and/or responsibilities could be handled sustainably. This could be a strategy that would enable policy makers and community leaders to determine whom and what groups to involve in environmental decision making and policy executions. Thus, this study could aid in building governance structures for better environmental regimes. 7.1.4 Contributions to Sustainability Indicators This study is obviously a remarkable contribution to the field of sustainable development in helping to supply the often neglected social indicators of sustainability. Previous studies report that the WeValue insitu crystallization process is successful in generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135045","ISSN":"18791026","abstract":" 2019 Elsevier B.V. Sustainable development is a global aim, aided in its application by the use of social, environmental and economic indicators for monitoring, planning, and assessment. However, several significant weaknesses are reported which reveal the need for improvement of the social indicators such as problems of being difficult to localize; to measure, and to be complete; being less commonly used; and thus, leading to assessments which are unbalanced across the three domains. Here we demonstrate that a values-based approach called WeValue InSitu, previously known to reliably 'crystallize' local shared values, can be successfully used as a bolt-on process to produce localized social indicators for direct insertion into the SuRF-UK process. SuRF-UK is a widely used decision-support framework for sustainable remediation of brownfield sites, and we apply it here to a hypothetical scenario analysis for a real community in villages near a derelict Salt Lake in Nigeria. Results show the WeValue InSitu approach resolves the reported challenges of localized social indicators, does not introduce any new issues, and in addition provides a route for wider participation and auditability. The study shows that a mechanism of red-flag boundaries may need to be introduced into SuRF-UK to allow veto of unacceptable breaches of social issues by proposed scenarios.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odii","given":"E.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ebido","given":"C.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harder","given":"M.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"A values-based approach for generating localized social indicators for use in sustainability assessment and decision-making: Test case of brownfield soft reuse in Nigeria","type":"article-journal","volume":"711"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1d85c74-75ba-3d43-947b-29e48539238d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[26]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[26]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[26]. Similarly, it is suggested that this thesis could be a very useful contribution in the development of cultural indicators for ecosystem services. Majority of current indicators in use in ecosystem service research rely on quantitative and economic indices. This work could further create options for the inclusion and utilization of qualitative and cultural indicators. 7.2 Further Research Suggested This study was conducted in the context of the African and Asian culture. Hence the results are not representative but indicative. It would be useful to conduct this study in other contexts European, American etc. Since studies of this nature are contextual and culturally specific, more studies in other contexts may evoke more interesting results. Closely aligned with this is the need to conduct the study with more educated than illiterate groups and more group types in order to observe for variations. Additionally, there may be need to study the effect of conducting another session of the WeValue crystallization process with the groups and the outcome in terms of the values statements and the ESS values produced. It is necessary to discover if there were time-specific factors that affected the results of the study and to observe if there would be changes in the frameworks and what dimension of changes that would be. Moreover, it is needful to critically study the other non-ESS values present in the values envelopes of the various groups. What types of values they are and what relationships they have with human well-being are questions that can be answered in future studies. Further studies can also highlight the patterns of ecosystem bundles and synergies that occur across groups in the same context. Finally it is necessary to investigate why some groups did not produce ESS values as similar groups located in the same geographical context. 7.3 Limitations As earlier stated (see section 1.10), conducting this study with one classification framework may generate arguments about whether the study is all-inclusive. This can be developed in future studies. Time constraints may also be considered as another limiting factor as most of the groups were not willing to stay beyond the minimum 2 hours due to other engagements. The use of vernacular during some WVICP sessions, while helpful for the local participants, may also have veiled some important meanings. REFERENCES ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] ZO T. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment[M/OL]//Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Framework for Assessment. Island Press, 2005. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf. [2] COSTANZA R, D ARGE R, DE GROOT RI{. 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PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT xvii  PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2 Stage 2: Literature Review Ecosystem Services: Definition, Types, Classification Frameworks Valuation Methods of Ecosystem Services Trends and Gaps in Ecosystem Research Stage 1: Preliminary Research & Development of Research Questions Background Studies on Ecosystem Services Introduction to WeValue Processes Training on the Facilitation of WeValue InSitu processes Stage 4: Multiple Exploratory Case Studies WeValue Fieldwork in Nigeria  total of 23 workshops in 3 sites in Nigeria Perspectives Exploration Focus Group Events Post workshop Interviews (25) x Stage 3: Methodology Development Localization of Shared Values Approach Development of MEA Classification Protocol Situating Environmental Values Production of Values Envelopes Stage 5: Transcription and Translation of Workshop Data Transcription of Workshop Data Translation of Workshop Data Thematic Coding of Workshop Data Stage 6: Classification Using the MEA Framework Classification of Values Statements using MEA Framework Comparative assessment of ESS based on group roles Comparative Assessment of ESS with reference to Site Stage 7: Generalization and Consideration of a Wider Range of Cases Analysis of WeValue InSitu Workshop Data (Indonesia) Analysis of WeValue InSitu Workshop Data (Senegal) Stage 8: Synthesis, Discussions and Conclusion Contributions to ESS Research Contributions to Policy Further useful work SITUATED ESS :;z=>@CDGHJLNO$RVTVXYxZ\|_atcdeFgkmd1$7$8$H$^`gdglm^oTqst v|xz$|}pNv8t"~d1$7$8$H$^`gdgl>@,.*,FHfh`bNP8:BDln02LN>@hh:IhmH sH hVjhVUht-ht-tHjh#UtHhglhgl^JmHnHuhglhgl^JaJmHnHu.hglhglOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHo(u9~$ޞTڨЬ8:¶Ըjrd1$7$8$H$^`gdglr~*Jj*fbd1$7$8$H$^`gdgl$&(*`bdgdZ$a$gdZ$a$ dgdzUd1$7$8$H$^`gdgl "(*^`d8:  drtxBjlndzܗܗܗܳܗܗܳ܊ܗܗܳhOJQJh>hCJOJQJhzUhOJQJ hzUhCJOJQJ^JaJ&hzUh5CJOJQJ\^JaJhVhWmHnHujhUhhgl5mHnHuhJh5jhJh5U/8: bdtvxln$a$gdZ $`a$gdZgdZDF^`b$^`a$gdZgdZDF`bDF 68hν|qqqcqq|qqhXh5CJOJQJhXhOJQJ hXhCJOJQJ^JaJ&hXh5CJOJQJ\^JaJhXhCJOJQJaJhXhOJQJaJ hzUhCJOJQJ^JaJ&hzUh5CJOJQJ\^JaJhzUhOJQJhhzUhCJOJQJaJ&DF $a$gdZgdZ68hjd1$7$8$H$^`gdgl$a$gdH5!gdZ p^p`gdZhjht-ht-tHh*hpih5CJhXhOJQJh501h:p:I/ =!"#$% B00P1h:pW/ =!"#$% Dp?0P1h:p5C5/ =!"#$% Dp?1h0:p:U"= /!"#$% Cq%<1h:p:U"/ =!"#$% Cq%?1h0:p = /!"#$% C{%21h:p/ =!"#$% ?1h0:p{= /!"#$% C%21h:p}^ / =!"#$% ?1h0:p}^ = /!"#$% C%21h:p}^ / =!"#$% f$$If!vh55N #v#vN :V l t55N Byt|f$$If!vh55N #v#vN :V l t55N Byt|`$$If!vh55N #v#vN :V l t55N yt|KDd TJ  3 A?#" bbU'hvnbU'hPNG  IHDREgAMA|Q'IDATxMuȈL 2Cw3xxAY4@2aF y)9UW^~#%w}=t|й}kj4P#C}3L .5}'s7 }?Bojs#5ԽYyl˵AS \CۉjOyҏX5ttυԍz#vF> :,2B' ,ĠN_% $*"ۙpԉ/χޮڜ@;sM=BkƘ!BG}Ta ! ]Ob] wv LQUznPܶ"Tyg*T56Z_5P?NȚvQ}z@gI:m3t%SPA堡&@4jc>uoZ4}1t6eAV;P{*P٫k 23t4t^_\cx=aC掃;8("&pѢy2 _3#YJwu Xf8 WXiu`PĥICZ>aBm=J' +R)@Am,x那GpFPCF2jdh_4ˢJ'?иQd<Р#x O竢 П5~BÌPlsd!.[,4 =ԢܗA hAzY:>]FPo/_XANv b&C벁iXC=8@  B5oh }ОmP:'h KP9q 3:]6MUDOJpƯ[uh05 ҽ[>A㗣oYʆ*@Y~.o*UgMP !%9.k^^UĒ[&=n"]0e :hSbd!R`=u>ܩ]aПPAA\e0, A^ͫFGAUN^HPKC}P 4hZpi,5P?FdןQP/U=me#N&IY/? 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